President of India Emergency Powers Veto Power Pardoning Power POLITY English medium mains

PRESIDENT OF INDIA

Emergency Powers

The President can proclaim emergency in three conditions. These are:

1. National Emergency (Article 352): It arises out of war, external aggression or armed rebellion within the country.

2. President's Rule or Constitution Emergency (Article 356): Imposed due to failure of the constitutional machinery in the States.

3. Financial Emergency (Article 360) 


Veto Power

 The President has the veto power over the bills passed by the parliament. They are of four types:

1. Absolute veto: withholding of assent.

2. Suspensive veto: instead of refusing the assent, the President returns the Bill or part of it for the reconsideration.

3. Pocket veto: taking no action on the bill. 

4. Qualified veto: Sending back of a bill, which can be overridden by the legislature with a higher majority.


Pardoning Power of the President (Article 72)


Pardon: Removes both the sentence and the conviction.

Commutation: Substitution of one form of punishment for a lighter form.

Remission: Reducing the period of sentence without changing its character.

Respite: Awarding a lesser sentence in place of one originally awarded due to some special fact like 7physical disability of a convict or the pregnancy of woman offender.

Reprieve: stay of the execution of a sentence for a temporary period to enable the convict to have time to seek pardon or commutation from the President.

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