Society, Community Association Institution Groups SOCIOLOGY IAS MAIN OPTIONAL

I. Society

1 Sociology is the study of Society

2 Society has more than one Person

3 Between people there should be psychological Interaction

4 Society should have Goal

5 Society is general term

6 Whole World considered as Society

7 India considered as Society

8  Family Considered as society.


II.Society Definition

1 As Per Macaiver Page Society is System of usage and with many groupings procedure

2 As per Giddings society is a collection of Individuals whon are Come together

3 As per Ginsberg a Society a Collection of individuals united by certain mode of behaviour.

4 As per Parson society is a total Complex of relations


iii, Theories of Society

1 Theory of Divine Origin

 As per this theory society created by God

2 Matriarchal Theory
 As per this theory society created by eldest female Member in Matrilocal Joint Family

3 Patrilocal Theory
 As per this theory society created by eldest Male Member  Patri Local Joint Family

4 Group Mind theory
As per this theory Society created b thoughts of group of people.

5 Force Theory
As per this theory created by  powerful  people Eg: USA

6.ocial Contract theory
 As per this theory society created by Conflicting groups through Contract Eg: UNO

7 Organic Theory
As per this theory society created through multiple factors


IV. Community

I. Community consist group of People

2. It is small

3.It has particular Nome

4. It has particular Geographical area 

5 People born in Community and Die in Community

6.People has we feeling

7.Community is self sufficient

Eg : Tribal Area and Village


V. Association

1.Association Consist group of people

2.Association formally established

3.It has formal written rules

4.It has goal

5. membership is Voluntary

6 .Association is pressure group.



VI. Institution

1 Institution is achieve Goal meare to

2 Example for forming Family Marriage is essential

3 Here marriage is means 

4.  family is an Association


VII Groups

I. It has more than one person

2. Members has reciprocal relationship

3. Members has conscious

4 Members halp each other

5 Group has norms or rules


VIII Primary Group

I. It is small group with Less members

2.Members Live in particular Geographical Area.

3 .Members has face to face
emotional Interaction

4 members s has Likeness

5 Members feal psychological Secured

6. Members born in Primary Coroup. Die in Primary Group

7 Family, Tribal Group, Village is primary Group.



IX Secondary Group

1 It is Large Group

2 more members.

3 members has formal relationship

4 members follow formal Written norms or rules

5 members has goal

6 members has Competition.

Example:  Bank, An Industry, Hospital



X Crowd

1.It consist members

2.members are loosely Structured 

3 It is disorganized

4 Crowd behavior is unpredictable 

5. It is temporary



XI. Mob

1 It consist members

2 Members are loosely Structured

4.It is disorganised

5.mob behaviour is un Predicatable

5. it temporcoy

6 Members gathered emotionally

7 It may be destructive.


XII Reference Group

1.It is model Group

2.Positive Reference Group. It is the group for imitating Purpose.
Eg lAs Aspirant imitating Popular IAS officer

3.Negative Reference Group. It is the group for avoidance.
Eg: IAS officers Association avoiding KAS officers Association.


XIII. Difference between Community and Association

1 Community created naturally 
Eg : Village
Association Created Artificially
Eg : Medical Council of India

2 In Community membership is by birth
Eg : In Village
In Association membership is Voluntary
Eg : Bar Council of India

3 Community Consist unwrite Traditions and Customs
Eg : Tradition and Customs in Joint Family
 Association consist written formal rules
Eg :  Written rules in Bar Council

4 Community consist birth to death Life
Eg : Life in Village
Association consist specific goal 
Eg : Goals of Medical Council

XIV Culture

1 Culture consist traditions and customs
Eg : Burying Dead body is tradition
Hindu married woman wearing mangala sutra is custom

2 Culture Consist Values and Beliefs
Eg : Honesty is Value
Belief on Swasthik symbol is belief 

3 Culture consist sacred and Patriotic symbols
Eg : Cross is sacred for Christians
Indian flag is patriotic symbol

4 Culture Learnt from old Generation
Eg: Hindu culture is learnt


XV Culture Elements

1.Belief 

Belief considered as true irrespective of facts
Eg: Belief on God

2 Norms

Norms  means Written rules or  un written rules

Norm is general term

3 Values 

Values are standards 

Values considered as good or bad.

Eg: Punctuality

4 Mores

Mores are ethical principles

Eg : Taking care of parents in their old age


XVI Explicit and Implicit Culture.

1 Explicit Culture:

Any culture which is visible called as Explicit Culture.

Eg: Village Festival

2 Emplicit Culture:

Any vulture which is not visible called as Implicit Culture.

Eg: Sacredness beyond Ganga water.


XVII Culture Complex and Culture Trait

1 Culture Complex

 Culture Complex is total Values, beliefs, Customs, tradition and any other Capabilities acquired by man in his group.

Eg: Kanyadana, Panigrahana, Saptapadi in Hindu Marriage

2. Cultural Trait 

Cultural Trait is any one element.

Eg: Kanyadana in Hindu Marriage.



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