ACQUISITION OF CITIZENSHIP
(i) Write Citizenship by Birth
Every person born in India on or after January 26, 1950 shall be a citizen of India by birth.
(ii) Write Citizenship by Descent
A person born outside India on or after January 26, 1950. shall be a citizen of India by descent of his/her father is a citizen of India at the time of his/her birth.
(iii) Write Citizenship by Registration
A non-citizen can apply for citizenship of India and can be registered by the prescribed authority by the following conditions:
(a) Is a person of Indian origin and has spent five years in India;
(b) Foreign women married to an Indian citizen and
(c) Minor children of Indian Parents.
(iv) Write Citizenship by Naturalisation
A foreigner can acquire Indian citizenship on application for naturalisation to the government of India. Every naturalised citizen must take an oath of allegiance to the Constitution of India.
(v) Citizenship by Incorporation of Territory
When any foreign territory is added to Indian Union, People of that territory automatically become Indian citizens.
LOSE OF CITIZENSHIP
(i) Write Renunciation of citizenship
If a person voluntarily gives up the citizenship of India after acquiring the citizenship of another country.
(ii) Write Termination of citizenship
When an Indian citizen voluntarily acquires the citizenship of another country, his/her Indian citizenship automatically terminates.
(iii) Write Deprivation of citizenship
Deprivation of citizenship is on the basis of fraud, false representation and concealment of material, fact or being disloyal to the constitution.
GOVERNMENT
(i) Legislature: Entrusted with the task of making the laws, amend or repeal. It consists of [temporary (ministers) + permanent (civil servants)].
(ii)Executive: Entrusted to implement, execute or administer laws. It consists of Legislature (Parliament +State legislature)
(iii) Judiciary : Entrusted to interpret and enforce laws and to administer justice. It consists of (Supreme court +High courts + Subordinate court)
PRESIDENT OF INDIA
(i) Write term of office of President
The president holds office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office.
A person who holds, or who has held the office of the President is eligible for reelection to that office.
He can resign from his office at any time by Addressing the resignation letter to the Vice President of India
(ii) Write Oath and Affirmation of President
The Oath of office to the President is administered by the Chief Justice of India and in his absence, by the senior most judge of the Supreme Court available.
(iii) Write about Impeachment of President
Article 61 provides that the President may be removed by impeachment from his office on grounds of violation of the constitution.
The impeachment charges may be initiated by either house of the parliament and the charges should be signed by 1/4th of the members of the house which framed the charges.
The resolution of the charges should be passed by the majority of 2/3rd of its total membership of each houses.
Regarding these charges fourteen (14) days notice should be given to the President.
(iv) Write about the Executive powers of President
All executive actions of the Government of India are formally taken in her name.
She Appoints the Prime Minister and the other Minister, the Attorney General of India, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners, the Governors of the states, the Chairman and members of Finance Commission and so on.
She Appoints a commission to investigate into the conditions of SCs, STs and other backward classes (OBCs).
Appoints an inter-state council to promote Centre-State and Inter- State cooperation.
(v) Write about the Legislature powers of President
She Summons or prorogues the Parliament and dissolve the Lok Sabha.
She Summons a joint sitting of both the houses of Parliament which is presided over by the speaker of the Lok Sabha.
She Nominates 12 members of the Rajya Sabha and 2 members to the Lok Sabha from the Anglo-Indian Community.
She Promulgates ordinances when the Parliament is not in session.
(vi) Write about the Financial powers of the President
Only with her prior recommendation money bills can be introduced in the Parliament.
She constitutes a finance commission after every five years to recommend the distribution of revenues between the centre and the states.
(vii) Write about Judiciary power of President
Appoints the Chief Justice and the Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts.
Grant pardon, reprieve, respite and remission of punishment, or suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted.
(viii) Write about Diplomatic powers of President
The international treaties and agreements are negotiated and concluded on behalf of the President.
She represents India in international forums and affairs and sends and receives diplomats like ambassadors, high commissioners, and so on.
(ix) Write about Military powers of President
She is the Supreme Commander of the defence forces of India. He appoints the chiefs of the Army, the Navy and the Air force.
She can declare war or conclude peace, subject to the approval of the Parliament.
VETO POWERS OF PRESIDENT
(i) What is Absolute Veto
Absolute veto means withholding of assent.
(ii) What is Suspensive Veto
Suspensive veto is instead of refusing the assent, the President returns the Bill or part of it for the reconsideration.
(iii) What is Pocket Veto
Pocket veto means taking no action on the bill.
(iv) What is Qualified Veto
Qualified veto means sending back of a bill, which can be overridden by the legislature with a higher majority.
PARDONING POWERS OF PRESIDENT
(i) what is Pardon
Pardon means removing both the sentence and the conviction.
(ii) What is Commutation
Commutation means substitution of one form of punishment for a lighter form
(iii) What is Remission
Remission means reducing the period of sentence without changing its character.
(iv) What is Respite
Respite is awarding a lesser sentence in place of one originally awarded due to some special fact like 7physical disability of a convict or the pregnancy of woman offender.
(v) What is Reprive
Reprieve is a stay of the execution of a sentence for a temporary period to enable the convict to have time to seek pardon or commutation from the President.
(i) Explain National emergency
According to Article 352 It arises out of war, external aggression or armed rebellion within the country.
(ii) Explain President rule in state
President's Rule or Constitution Emergency of Article 356 is imposed due to failure of the constitutional machinery in the states.
(iii) Explain Financial emergeny
Financial Emergency according to Article 360 is Imposed due to a threat to financial stability or credit of India.
VICE PRESIDENT
(i) Explain election of Vice President of India
Election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot.
He is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both houses of parliament.
(ii) Explain qualifications of Vice President of India
Should be a citizen of India.
Should have completed 35 years of age.
Should be qualified for election as a member of the Rajya Sabha.
Should not hold any office of profit.
(iii) Explain Oath and Affirmation of Vice President of India
Oath is administered by the president or some person appointed in that behalf by him.
(iv) Explain term of office of Vice President of India
Vice President holds office for a term of 5 years.
Can resign from his office at any time by addressing the resignation letter to the President.
Can be removed by a resolution of the Rajya Sabha passed by an absolute majority and
agreed by the Lok Sabha.
Atleast 14 days advance notice has to be given, before a resolution for his removal is considered.
(v) Explain powers and functions of Vice President
Acts as the ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha.
Acts as President when a vacancy occurs in the office of the President due to his resignation, removal, death or otherwise.
GOVERNOR
(i) Explain appointment of Governor
He is Neither directly elected by the people nor indirectly elected by a specially constituted electoral college. He is appointed by the President
(ii) Explain qualifications of Governor
He should be a citizen of India.
He should have completed the age of 35 years.
Two conventions: (a) He should not belong to the state where he is appointed
(b) While appointing the governor, the President is required to consult the Chief Minister of the state concerned.
(iii) Explain Oath of Governor
The Oath is administered by the chief justice of the concerned state High Court and in his absence, the senior-most judge of the court.
(iv) Explain Term of Office of Governor
The governor has no security of tenure and no fixed term of office, re-appointment in the same state or any other state is allowed.
Holds office for a term of 5 years from the date on which he enters upon his office.
He may be removed by the President at any time.
He can resign at any time by addressing a resignation letter to the President.
(v) Explain Powers and functions of Governor
A governor possesses executive, legislative, financial and judicial powers more or less analogous to the President of India.
Governor has no diplomatic, military or emergency powers like the President.
PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA
(i) Explain Article 75
Article 75 says only the Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President.
Prime Minister is the real executive authority (de facto executive).
Prime Minister is the head of the government, leader of the party in power, chief spokesman of the union government and the crisis manager-in-chief at the political level during emergency.
(ii) Explain the appointment of Prime minister
The President may appoint any one as the Prime Minister and then ask him to prove his majority in the Lok Sabha.
A person who is not a member of either house of parliament can be appointed as Prime Minister for 6 months, within which, he should become a member of either House of Parliament.
(iii) Explain Term of Office of Prime minister
In general, he holds the office for five years.
The term can end sooner if loses the vote of confidence in Lok Sabha.
The Prime Minister can also resign by addressing to the President.
(iv) Explain Powers and Functions of Prime Minister
He recommends persons who can be appointed as ministers.
He allocates and reshuffles various portfolios among the minister.
He can ask a minister to resign or advice the president.
He presides over the meeting of council of ministers and influences its decisions.
He advises the president with regard to the appointment of important officials like Attorney General of India, Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Election Commissioners, Chairman and Members of the Finance Commission and so on.
He advises the President with regard to summoning and proroguing of the sessions of the Parliament.
He can recommend dissolution of the Lok Sabha.
He acts as the Chairman of the NITI Aayog, National Development Council, National Integration Council, Inter-State Council and National Water Resources Council.
(v) Explain the post of Deputy Prime minister
The Deputy Prime Minister is the one who occupies position next to the Prime Minister.
(vi) Explain the Responsibility Ministers in Union council of Ministers
Article 75 clearly states that the council of ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. They work as team and swim or sink together.
It is the duty of every minister to stand by cabinet decisions and support both within and outside the Parliament, even if they differed in the cabinet meeting.
Article 75 also contains the principle of individual responsibility.
In case of a difference of opinion or dissatisfaction with the performance of a minister, the PM can ask him to resign or advice the president to dismiss him.
No legal responsibility of a minister in India.
(vii) Who are the Cabinet Ministers
They are the highest decision-making body.
They play an important role in deciding policies.
They are the real policy makers.
They head the important ministries of the government like home, defence, finance, external affairs and so forth.
The cabinet's consent is necessary for all important matters.
(viii) Write about the Ministers of State
They can hold either independent charge or attached to a cabinet Minister.
(ix) Write about deputy Ministers
Deputy Ministers are attached to the cabinet ministers or ministers of state.
They assist in their administrative, political and Parliamentary duties.
CABINET
(i) What is under Cabinet
It is a smaller body consisting of 15 to 20 ministers.
It includes the cabinet ministers only.
It meets frequently and usually once in a week.
It directs the council of ministers by taking policy decisions which are binding on all ministers.
It supervises the implementation of its decisions by the council of ministers.
(ii) What is meant by Kitchen Cabinet
It is also called as Inner Cabinet.
It has become the real centre of power.
It is a small body consists of the Prime Minister and two to four influential colleagues.
It is composed of not only cabinet ministers but also outsiders like friends and family members of the Prime Ministers
(iii) What is meant by shadow Committee
It is found in the British political system which is formed by the opposition party to balance the ruling cabinet and to prepare its members for future ministerial offices.
(iv) What is meant by Standing Committee
Standing Committees are of a permanent nature.
(v) What is meant by Ad Hoc committee
Adhoc Committees are of a temporary nature, constituted from time to time to deal with special problems. They are disbanded after their task is completed.
(vi) What is meant by Political Affair Committee
The Political Affairs Committee is the most powerful committee.
It deals with all policy matters pertaining to domestic and foreign affairs.
It is headed or chaired by the Prime Minister
(vii) What is meant by Economic Affairs Committee
The Economic Affairs Committee is the one which deals with the government activities in the economic sphere.
It is chaired by the Prime Minister
(viii) What is meant by Appointment Committee
Appointments Committee is the one which decides all higher level appointment in the Central Secretariat, Public Enterprises, Banks and Financial Institutions.
It is chaired by the Prime Minister.
(ix) What is meant by Parliamentary Affairs Comittee
Parliamentary Affairs Committee, Looks after the progress of government business in the Parliament.
It is chaired by the Home Minister
CHEIF MINISTER
(i) Write about the of Chief Minister
Article 164 advocated that the Chief Minister shall be appointed by the governor.
A person who is not a member of the state legislature can be appointed as Chief Minister for six months, but within that time, he should be elected to the state legislature.
(ii) Write about the Oath of Chief minister
The governor administers the oath of office and secrecy to the Chief Minister.
(iii) Write about the Term of Office of the Chief minister
The term is not fixed and he holds office during the pleasure of the governor.
Generally the term is for five years, as he enjoys the majority support in the legislative assembly.
He may resign by addressing a resignation letter to the Governor
(iv) Write about Chief minister relation with council of ministers
In Relation to Council of Ministers (CoMs)
The Chief Minister as a head of the CoMs, enjoys the following powers:
The Governor appoints only those persons as ministers, who are recommended by the Chief Minister.
He allocates and reshuffles the portfolios among ministers.
He can ask a minister to resign or advice the Governor to dismiss him in case of difference of opinion.
He presides over the meetings of the Council of Ministers and influences its decisions.
He aids, directs, controls and coordinates the activities of all the ministers.
(v) Write about the Relation of Chief Minister with Governor
In Relation to the Governor
He is the principal channel of communication between the Governor and the Council of Ministers.
(vi) Write the relation of Chief minister with State Legislature
Advises the Governor with regard to summoning and proroguing the sessions of the State Legislature.
Recommend the dissolution of the Legislative Assembly to the Governor at any time.