Qts 1. Explain town planning in Harappa civilization
Elaborate town-planning:
It followed the grid system.
Roads well cut, dividing the town into large rectangular blocks.
Lamp posts at intervals indicate the existence of street lightning, flanking the streets, lanes and by lanes were well planned.
Houses had no window facing the streets.
Used burnt bricks of good quality as the building material.
Good drainage system: Drains were made of mortar, lime and gypsum and covered with large brick slabs for easy cleaning.
The towns were divided into two parts: (i) Upper part of Citadel and (ii) Lower Part.
In Citadel public buildings, granaries, important workshops and religious buildings were there.
Six granaries in a row were found in the citadel at Harappa.
In Lower part, common men used to live.
In Mohenjodaro, a Big Public Bath (Great Bath) has been found. It was probably used for ritual bathing. Steps led from either end to the surface with changing rooms alongside.
Qts 2 Explain agriculture in Harappa civilization
Indus people were the first to produce cotton in the world.
Cotton called Sindon by the Greeks.
Harappans cultivated wheat, barley, Rice (Lothal and Rangpur in Gujarat), Dates, mustard, etc.
Qts 3 Explain Art and Sculpture in Harappa civilization
The Harappan culture belongs to the Bronze Age.
Bronze was made by mixing tin and copper.
Copper was obtained from Khetri in Rajasthan and from Baluchistan,
Tin from Afghanistan.
Bronze image of the famous dancing girl (identified as devadasi) has been found at Mohenjodaro.
The pottery was red and black in colour.
Harappans were fond of ornaments (of gold, silver, ivory, copper, etc).
Ornaments were worn by both men and women.
Qts 3. Explain Economic life of Harappa civilization
Harappans traded with Mesopotamia (Iraq), Dilmun (Bahrain) etc.
Harappans used to engage in Shell-work, bangle making, pottery making
Raw material for these came from diferent sources:
Gold from Karnataka,
Silver from Afghanistan and Iran,
Copper from Khetri and Baluchistan, etc.
Seals were made of steatite
Humped bull is represented in most of the Indus seals.
Lion was not known to Indus people.
Horse not known
Iron was not known to the people.
Qts 4 Explain religious life of Haprappa civilization
Pashupatinath shiva worshiped
Mother godess worshiped
A terracotta figure where a plant is shown growing out of the embryo of a woman,
Qts 5.Explain script in Harappa civilization
Written from right to left in the first line and left to right in the second line.
This style is called Boustrophedon.
The script is not alphabetical but pictographic (about 600 undeciphered pictographs).
Harappan script not deciphered
Qts 6 Explain The Pashupati shiva of Harappans
Pashupati Shiva represented on the seal is a figure with three horned heads in a yogic posture.
He is surrounded by four wild animals: an elephant and a tiger to its left side, and a water buffalo and a rhinoceros on the right side.
Two deers at his feet
Qts 7 Describe the declination of Harappa Civilization
Invasion of the Aryans,
recurrent floods,
earthquakes,
Harappans neglected neglected security
Qts 8 Explain remainings of Harappa site (Buried city)
2 rows of six granaries with brick platform,
stone symbol of lingam and yoni,
wheat and barley in wooden mortar,
copper mirror,
Dog chasing a deer (bronze),
nude male (stone),
red sand-stone male torso.
Qts 9 Explain remaining of Mohenjodaro site (Mound of the Dead)
The great bath, The great granary (largest building), multi-pillared assembly hall, proto-Shiva seal, clay figures of Mother Goddess,
Bronze dancing girl,
steatite image of bearded man.
Qts 10 Explain remainings of Kalibangan site (Black Bangle)
Decorated bricks, bangle factory, wheels of a toy cart, wells in every house. bones of camel, plough for agriculture cultivation, Fire altars
Qts 11 Explain remainings of Chanhudaro site (Lancashire of India)
Inkpot, lipstick, carts with seated driver, ikkas of bronze, imprint of dog's paw on a brick.
Qts 12 Explain remainings of Daimabad site
Ox, elephants and rhinoceros.
Qts 13 Explain remaining's of Alamgirpur site
Impression of cloth on a trough.
Qts 14 Explain remaining of Amri site
Actual remains of Rhinoceros
Qts 15 Explain Lothal site (Manchester of Indus Valley Civilization)
Rice husk,
fire altars,
grinding machine,
tusks of elephant,
dying vat,
painted jar (bird and fox),
terracotta ship,
houses with entrance on main streets,
impressions of cloth on some seals,
chess,
instrument of measuring 180, 90 and 45 degree angles.
Qts 16 Explain remaining of Ropar site
Dog buried with humans.
Qts 17 Explian remains of Banawali site
Oval shaped settlement, only city with radial streets, Toy plough, largest number of barley grains.
Qts 18 Explain remaining Surkotada site
First actual remains of horse bones. Cemetry with four pot burials.
Qts 19 Explain remaining Dholavira site
Giant water reservoir, unique water harnessing system, dams and embankments,