75 A 2 English Passage Test Question 11 Mar
PASSAGE -1
Read below given passage :
1. It is essential that we mitigate the emissions of greenhouse gases and thus avoid some of the worst impacts of climate change that would take place in coming years and decades.
2. Mitigation would require a major shift in the way we produce and consume energy.
3. A shift away from overwhelming dependence technological development has been slow arid promoted because investments in research and development, myopically as a result of relatively low not prices of oil.
4. It is now, therefore, imperative for a Country like India treating the opportunity of parnessing renewable energy on a large scale as a national imperative.
5. This country is extremely well endowed with solar, wind and biomass sources of energy.
6. Where we have lagged, unfortunately, is in our ability to develop and to create technological solutions for harnessing these resources.
7. One particular trajectory for carrying out stringent mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions assessed by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) clearly shows the need for ensuring that global emissions of greenhouse gases peak no later than 2015 and reduce rapidly thereafter.
8. The cost associated with such a trajectory is truly modest" and would amount, in the estimation of IPCC, to not more than 3 percent of the global GDP in 2030.
9. In other words, the level of prosperity that the world would have reached without mitigation would at worst be postponed by a few months or a year at the most.
10. This is clearly not a very high price to pay for protecting hundreds of millions of people from the worst risks associated with climate change.
11. Any such effort, however, would require lifestyles to change appropriately also.
12. Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions is not a mere technological fix, and clearly requires changes in lifestyles and transformation of a for country's economic structure, whereby effective d to reduction in emissions is brought about, such as through the consumption of much lower quantities of animal protein.
13. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has determined that the emissions from the livestock sector amount to 18 percent of the total.
14. The reduction of emissions from this source is entirely in the hands of human beings, who have never questioned the impacts that their dietary habits of consuming more and more animal protein are bringing about.
15. Mitigation overall has huge co- benefits, such as lower air pollution and health benefits, higher energy security and greater employment.
PASSAGE 3
Read below given passage:
1. Net profits are only 2.2% of their total assets for central public sector undertakings, lower than for the private corporate sector.
2. While the public sector or the State-led entrepreneurship played an important role in triggering India's industrialization, our evolving development needs, comparatively less-than- satisfactory performance of the public sector enterprises, the maturing of our private sector, a much larger social base now available for expanding entrepreneurship and the growing institutional capabilities to enforce competition policies would suggest that the time has come to review the role of public sector.
3. What should the portfolio composition of the government be? It should not remain static all times.
4. The airline industry works well as a purely private affair.
5. At the opposite end, rural roads, whose sparse traffic makes tolling unviable, have to be on the balance-sheet of the State.
6.If the government did not own rural roads, they would not exist. Similarly, public health capital in our towns and cities will need to come from the public sector.
7.Equally, preservation and improvement of forest cover will have to be a new priority for the public sector assets.
8.Take the example of steel.
9. With near-zero tariffs, India is a globally competitive market for the metal Indian firms export steel into the global market which demonstrates there is no gap in technology.
10. Indian companies are buying up global steel companies, which shows there is no gap in capital availability. Under these conditions, private ownership works best.
11. Private ownership is clearly desirable in regulated industries, ranging from, finance to infrastructure, where a government agency performs the function of regulation and multiple competing firms are located in the private sector.
12. Here, the simple and clean solution - government as the umpire and the private sector as the players is what works best.
13. In many of these industries, we have a legacy of government ownership, where productivity tends to be lower, fear of bankruptcy is absent, and the risk of asking for money from the tax payer is ever present.
14. There is also the conflict of interest between government as an owner and as the regulator.
15.The formulation and implementation of competition policy will be more vigorous and fair if government companies are out of action.
Qts1. According to the passage, what is/are the reason/reasons for saying that the time has come to review the role of public sector?
Read below given statements:
1. Now public sector has lost its relevance in the industrialization process.
2. Public sector does not perform satisfactorily.
3. Entrepreneurship in private sector is expanding.
4. Effective competition policies are available now.
Which of the statements given above is / are correct in the given context ?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans. C
Explanation
First paragraph clearly says that public sector has played an important role in triggering India's industrialization. Hence statement 1 is wrong.
Statements 2 and 3 are directly mentioned in the first paragraph whereas statement 4 can be inferred from the passage. Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
Passage - 4
Read below given statement:
(a) they were scared of the barking dogs.
(b) they wanted him to pluck berries.
(c) they saw the whip in the old man's hand.
(d) the road was uneven.
Read below given passage:
1. In front of us was walking a bare-headed old man in tattered clothes.
2. He was driving his beasts
3. They were all laden with heavy loads of clay from the hills and looked tired.
4. The man carried a long whip which perhaps he himself had made.
5. As he walked down the road he stopped now and then to eat the wild berries that grew on bush along the uneven road.
6. When he threw away the see, the bold birds would fly to peck at them
7. Sometime a stray dog watched the procession philosophically and then began to bark
8. When this happened, my two little sons would stand still holding my hands firmly.
9. A dog can sometimes be dangerous indeed.
Qts 1. The author's children held his hands firmly because
Read below statements:
(a) they were scared of the barking dogs.
(b) they wanted him to pluck berries.
(c) they saw the whip in the old man's hand.
(d) the road was uneven.
Ans. (a)
Explanation.
The author's children were scared of the barking dogs that's why they hold the hands of the author firmly. They were afraid of the dangerous looking dogs and don't want their father to leave them alone.
Passage-5
Read below given passage
1. Many nations now place their faith in capitalism governments choose it the strategy to create wealth The spectacular economic growth seen their people.
2. Brazil, China and India after the liberalisation of then conomies is proof of its enormous potential and success However, the global banking crisis and the economic cession have left many bewildered.
3. The debates tend te focus on free market operations and forces, their efficiency and their ability for self correction.
4. Issues of Justice, Integrity and honesty are rarely elaborated to highlight the failure of the global banking system.
5. The apologists of the system continue to justify the success of capitalism and argue that the recent crisis was a blip.
6. Their arguments betray an Ideological bias with the assumptions that an unregulated market is fair and competent, and that the exercise of private greed will be in the larger public interest.
7. Few recognize the bidirectional relationship between capitalism and greed; that each reinforces the other. Surely, a more honest conceptualisation of the conflicts of interest among the rich and powerful players who have benefited from the system, their biases and ideology is needed; the focus on the wealth creation should also highlight the resultant gross inequity.
1. The apologists of the "Free Market System" according to the passage, believe in
(a) market without control by governmen authorities.
(b) market without protection by the government.
(c) ability of market to self correct.
(d) market for free goods and services.
Ans. C
Explanation
Last line of the first paragraph states that the apologists of the system justifies the success of capitalism and argue that the recent crisis was a blip (an unexpected, minor and typically temporary deviation from a general trend).
The apologists are of the view that the powerful thing in favor of free markets is their ability to "regulate" themselves. They do tend to self- Correct with respect to prices, supply and demand.
Passage - 6
Read the given passage
1. Cynthia was a shy girl. She believed that she was plain and untalented.
2.One day her teacher ordered the entire class to show up for audition for the school play.
3.Cynthia nearly died of fright when she was told that she would have to stand on stage in front of the entire class and deliver dialogue The mere thought of it made her feel sick.
4.But remarkable transformation occurred during the audition.
5.A thin, shy girl, her knees quaking, her stomach churning in terror, began to stun every one with her excellent performance.
6. Her bored classmates suddenly stopped their noisy chat to stare at her slender figure or the stage. At the end of her audition, the entire room erupted in thunderous applause.
1. Cynthia was afraid to stand on stage because:
(a) she felt her classmates may laugh at her.
(b) her stomach was churning.
(c) she lacked self-confidence.
(d) she did not like school plays.
Ans. C
Explanation
Self-confidence means believing in yourself or feeling of trust in one's abilities, qualities, and judgement. Lack of self- confidence scared Cynthia to stand on stage in front of the class. She believed that she is not a talented girl so she might not be able to deliver dialogues.
Passage 7
Read the below given passage
1.The miseries of the world cannot be cured by physical help only.
2.Until man's nature changes, his physical needs will always arise, and miseries will always be felt, and no amount of physical help will remove them completely.
3.The only solution of the problem is to make mankind pure.
4.Ignorance is the mother of evil and of all the misery we see.
5.Let men have light, let them be pure and spiritually strong and educated; then alone will misery cease in the world.
6.We may convert every house in the country into a charitable asylum, but human misery will continue until man's character changes.
According to the passage, which of the following statements is most likely to be true as the reason for man's miseries ?
(a) The poor economic and social conditions prevailing in society.
(b) The refusal on the part of man to change his character.
(c) The absence of physical and material help from his society.
(d) Ever increasing physical needs due to changing social structure.
Ans. (b)
Explanation.
It is clearly mentioned in the passage that Until man's nature changes, his physical needs will arise and miseries be felt always. Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
Passage 8
Read the below given passage
1.Seven-year-old Jim came home from the park without his new bicycle.
2."An old man and a little boy borrowed it," he explained. "They are going to bring it back at four o'clock."
3. His parents were upset that he had given his expensive new bicycle, but were secretly proud of his kindness and faith. Came four o'clock, no bicycle.
4. The parents were anxious. But at 4:30, the door bell rang, and there stood a happy man and a boy, with the bicycle and a box of chocolates.
5. Jim suddenly disappeared into his bedroom, and then came running out. "All right," he said, after examining the bicycle. "You can have your watch back !"
When Jim came home without his bicycle, his parents
(a) were angry with him.
(b) were worried.
(c) did not feel concerned.
(d) were eager to meet the old man and the little boy.
Ans. (b)
Explanation
On seeing the boy without his new bicycle, his parents were upset but at the same time, they were proud of their son's kindness. This shows that they were worried about the bicycle.
Passage 9
Read below given passage
1.The law in many parts of the world increasingly restricts the discharge of agricultural slurry into water courses.
2.The simplest and often the most economically sound practice returns the material to the land as semisolid manure or as sprayed slurry.
3.This dilutes its concentration in the environment to what might have occurred in a more primitive and sustainable type of agriculture and converts pollutant into fertilizer.
4. Soil microorganisms decompose the organic components of sewage and slurry and most of the mineral nutrients become available to be absorbed again by the vegetation.
5.The excess input of nutrients, both nitrogen and phosphorus - based, from agricultural runoff (and human sewage) has caused many 'healthy' oligotrophic lakes (low nutrient concentrations, low plant productivity with abundant water weeds, and clear water) to change to eutrophic condition where high nutrient inputs lead to high phytoplankton productivity (sometimes dominated by bloom - forming toxic species).
6.This makes the water turbid, eliminates large plants and, in the worst situations, leads to anoxia and fish kills; so called cultural eutrophication.
7 .Thus, important ecosystem services are lost, including the provisioning service of wild - caught fish and the cultural services associated with recreation.
8.The process of cultural eutrophication of lakes has been understood for some time.
9..But only recently did scientists notice huge 'dead zones' in the oceans near river outlets, particularly those draining large catchment areas such as the Mississippi in North America and the Yangtze in China.
10.The nutrient- enriched water flows through streams, rivers and lakes, and eventually to the estuary and ocean where the ecological impact may be huge, killing virtually all invertebrates and fish in areas up to 70,000 km² in extent.
11.More than 150 sea areas worldwide are now regularly starved of oxygen as a result of decomposition of algal blooms, fueled particularly by nitrogen from agricultural runoff of fertilizers and sewage from large cities.
12.Oceanic dead zones are typically associated with industrialized nations and usually lie off countries that subsidize their agriculture, encouraging farmers to increase productivity and use more fertilizer.
According to the passage, why should the discharge of agricultural slurry into watercourses be restricted?
Read below statements
1. Losing nutrients in this way is not a good practice economically.
2. Watercourses do not contain the microorganisms that can decompose organic components of agricultural slurry.
3. The discharge may lead to the eutrophication of water bodies.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans. C
Explanation
Discharge of agriculture slurry into the water courses should be restricted, because using this again in the land is the simplest and often the most economically sound practice of returning the nutrients to the land. Discharging slurry into watercourses might makes the water turbid, eliminates large plants and the in worst situation leads to anoxia and kills fish, so called eutrophication of water.
Passage - 10
Read below given passage
1.The miseries of the world cannot be cured by physical help only.
2. Until man's nature changes, his physical needs will always arise, and miseries will always be felt, and no amount of physical help will remove them completely.
3.The only solution of the mother of evil and of all the misery we see. Let men have light, let them be pure and spiritually strong alone will misery cease world.
4.We may convert every house in the country into a charitable asylum, but human misery will continue until man's character changes.
According to the passage, which of the following statements is most likely to be true as the reason for man's miseries ?
(a) The poor economic and social conditions prevailing in society.
(b) The refusal on the part of man to change his character.
(c) The absence of physical and material help from his society.
(d) Ever increasing physical needs due to changing social structure.
Ans.B
Explanation
It is clearly mentioned in the passage that Until man's nature changes, his physical needs will arise and miseries be felt always. Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
Passage- 11
Read below given Passage
1.Now India's children have a right to receive at least fourteen years of education, the gnawing question is whether it will remain on paper or become a reality.
2.One hardly needs a reminder that this right is different from the others enshrined in the Constitution, that the beneficiary - a six year old child cannot demand it, nor can she or he fight a legal battle when the right is denied or violated.
3. In all cases, it is the adult society which must act on behalf of the child.
4. In another peculiarity, where a child's right to education is denied, no compensation offered later can be adequate or relevant.
5.This is so because childhood does not last
6.If a legal battle fought on behalf of a child is eventually won, it may be of little use to the boy or girl because the opportunity missed at school during childhood cannot serve the same purpose later in life.
7. This may be painfully true for girls because our society permits them only a short childhood, if at all.
8. The Right to Education (RTE) has become law at a point in India's history when the ghastly practice of female infanticide has resurfaced in the form of feticide.
9.This is "symptomatic of a deeper turmoil" in society which is compounding the traditional obstacles to the education of girls.
10.Tenacious prejudice against the intellectual potential of girls runs across our cultural diversity and the system of education has not been able to address it.
With reference to the passage, consider the following statements :
I. When children are denied education, adult society does not act on behalf of them.
II . Right to Education as a law can not be enforced in the country.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. I only
B. II. only
C. Both I and II
D. Neither I nor II
Ans A
Explanation
It is correct to say that when children are denied education, adult society does not act on behalf of them because of the belief that childhood does not last.
If a child's right to education is denied, no compensation offered later can be adequate or relevant.
Right to education as a law can be enforced in the country.
Hence, statement (2) is wrong.
passage-12
Read below given Passage
1.For achieving 'inclusive growth there is a critical need to rethink the role of the State.
2.The early debate among economists about the size of the Government can be misleading.
3.The need of the hour is to have an enabling Government.
4. India is too large and complex a nation for the State to be able to deliver all that is needed.
5. Asking the Government to produce all the essential goods, create all the necessary jobs, and keep a curb on the prices of all goods is to lead to a large cumbersome bureaucracy and widespread corruption.
6.The aim must be to stay with the objective of inclusive growth that was laid down by the founding fathers of the nation and also to take a more modern view of what the State can realistically deliver.
7.This is what leads to the idea of an enabling State, that is, a Government that does not try to directly deliver to the citizens everything that they need.
8.Instead, it (1) creates an enabling ethos for the market so that individual enterprise can flourish and citizens can, for the most part, provide for the needs of one another,
9. and (2) steps in to help those who do not manage to do well for themselves, for there will always be individuals, no matter what the system, who need support and help.
10. Hence we need a Government that, when it comes to the market, sets effective, incentive - compatible rules and remains on the sidelines with minimal interference, and, at the same time, plays an important role in directly helping the poor by ensuring that they get basic education and health services and receive adequate nutrition and food.
According to the passage
1. The objective of inclusive growth was laid down by the founding fathers of the nation
2. Need of the hour is to have an enabling government.
3. The government should engage in maximum interference in market processes.
4. There is a need to change the size of the government.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans A
Explanation
Referring to the lines, "The early debate among economists can be misleading", it is clear that there is no need to change the size of the Government.
But the need of the hour is to have an enabling Government.
Hence, statement 4 is wrong. Today, when it comes to the market, we need a government that sets effective, incentive-compatible rules and remains on the sidelines with minimal interference.
Hence, statement 3 is not correct.
Passage -13
Read below given Passage
1.The concept of "creative society" refers to a phase of development of a society in which a large number of potential contradictions become articulate and active.
2.This is most evident when oppressed social groups get demand politically mobilized and demand their rights.
3.The upsurge of the peasants and tribal, the movements for regional autonomy and self-determination, the environmental movements, and the women's movements in the developing countries are signs of emergence of creative society in contemporary times.
4.The forms of social movements and their intensity may vary from country to country and place to place within a country.
5.But the very presence of movements for social transformation in various spheres of a society indicates the emergence of a creative society in a country.
What does the author imply by "creative Society ?
1. A society where diverse art forms and literary writings seek incentive.
2. A society where social inequalities are accepted as the norm.
3. A society where a large number of contradictions are recognized.
4. A society where the exploited and the oppressed groups grow conscious of their human rights and upliftment.
(a) 1,2 and 3
(b) 4 only
(c) 3 and 4
(d) 2 and 4
Ans C
Explanation
Nothing has been mentioned in the passage about art forms which makes statement 1 wrong. Social inequalities are not accepted in a creative society. Hence, 2 is also wrong. Whereas statements (3) and (4) are mentioned in the passage.
Passage -14
Read below given passage
1. A species that exerts an influence out of proportion to its abundance in an ecosystem is called a keystone species.
2. The keystone species may influence both the species richness of community and the flow of energy and materials through ecosystems.
3.The sea star Piaster ochraceous, which lives in rocky intertidal ecosystems on the Pacific coast of North America, is also an example of a keystone species. Its preferred prey is the mussel Mytilus californianus.
4. In the absence of sea stars, these mussels crowd out other competitors in a broad belt of the intertidal zone.
5.By consuming mussels, sea star creates bare spaces that are taken over by a variety of other species.
6. A study at the University of Washington demonstrated the influence of Pisaster on species richness by removing sea stars from selected parts of the intertidal zone repeatedly over a period of five years.
7. Two major changes occurred in the areas from which sea stars were removed.
8. First, the lower edge of the mussel bed extended farther down into the intertidal zone, showing that sea stars are able to eliminate mussels completely where they are covered with water most of the time.
9. Second, and more dramatically, 28 species of animals and algae disappeared from the sea star removal zone.
10. Eventually only Mytilus, the dominant competitor, occupied the entire substratum.
11. Through its effect on competitive relationships, predation by Pisaster largely determines which species live in these rocky intertidal ecosystems.
What is the crux of the passage?
(a) Sea star has a preferred prey.
(b) A preferred prey determines the survival of a keystone species.
(c) Keystone species ensures species diversity.
(d) Sea star is the only keystone species on the Pacific coast of North America.
Ans. C
Explanation-
According to the author, in the absence of sea star [an example of a keystone species] not only mussels are affected but other 28 species of animals and algae also got disappeared from the sea star removing zone. Hence, the crux of the passage is that keystone species ensures species diversity.
Read below given Passage
1. Most champions of democracy have been rather reticent in suggesting that democracy would itself promote and enhancement of social welfare - they have tended to see them as good but distinctly separate and largely independent goals.
2. The detractors of democracy, on the other hand, seemed to have been quite willing to express their diagnosis of what they see as serious tensions between democracy and development.
3. The theorists of the practical split "Make up your mind: do you want democracy, or instead, do you want development ? - often came, at least to start with, from East Asian countries, and their voice grew in influence as several of these countries were immensely successful 1970s and 1980s and even later through the in promoting economic growth without pursuing democracy
4. To deal with these issues we have to pay particular attention to both the content of what can be called development and to the interpretation of democracy (in particular to the respective roles of voting and of public reasoning).
5.The assessment of development cannot be divorced from the lives that people can lead and the real freedom that they enjoy.
6. Development can scarcely be seen merely in terms of enhancement of inanimate objects of convenience, such as a rise in the GNP (or in personal incomes), or industrialization - important as they may be as means to the real ends.
7.Their value must depend on what they do to the lives and freedom of the people involved, which must be central to the idea of development.
8. If development is understood in a broader way, with a focus on human lives, then it becomes immediately clear that the relation between development and democracy has to be seen partly in terms of their constitutive connection, rather than only through their external links.
9.Even though the question has often been asked whether political freedom is "conducive to development", we must not miss the crucial recognition that political liberties and democratic rights are among the "constituent components" of development. Their relevance for development does not have to be established indirectly through their contribution to the growth of GNP.
1. According to the passage, why is a serious tension perceived between democracy and development by the detractors of democracy ?
A. Democracy and development are distinct and separate goals.
B. Economic growth can be promoted successfully without pursuing a democratic system of governance.
C Non-democratic regimes deliver economic growth faster and far more successfully than democratic ones.
D. All the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above are correct in this context.
Ans: B
Explanation :
Referring to the lines in the first paragraph, "The detractors of democracy pursuing democracy",
Passage -16
Read below given passage
1. The need for Competition Law becomes more evident when foreign direct investment (FDI) is liberalized.
2. The impact of FDI is not always pro- competitive.
3 Very often FDI takes the form of a foreign corporation acquiring a domestic enterprise or establishing a joint venture with one. .
4.By making such an acquisition the foreign investor may substantially lessen competition and gain a dominant position in the relevant market, thus charging higher prices.
5.Another scenario is where the affiliates of two separate multinational companies (MNCs) have been established in competition with one another in a particular developing economy, following the liberalization of FDI.
6. Subsequently, the parent companies overseas merge.
7.With the affiliates no longer remaining independent, competition in the host country may be virtually eliminated and the prices of the products may be artificially inflated.
8.Most of these adverse consequences of mergers and acquisitions by MNCs can be avoided if an effective competition law is in place.
9.Also, an economy that has implemented an effective competition law is in a better position to attract FDI than one that has not.
10.This is not just because most MNCs are expected to be accustomed to the operation of such a law in their home countries and know how to deal with such concerns but also that MNCs expect competition authorities to ensure a level playing field between domestic and foreign firms.
I. With reference to the passage, consider the following statements :
A. It is desirable that the impact of Foreign Direct Investment should be pro-competitive.
B. The entry of foreign investors invariably leads to the inflated prices in domestic markets.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A . A only
B. B only
C. Neither A nor B
D. Both A and B
Ans. A
Explanation
Due to heavy inflow of FDI, foreign investors gain a dominant position in the local market making it very tough for the local companies to compete with them. Hence, an effective competitive law is necessary to reduce the adverse effect of FDI.
But the entry of foreign investors does not invariably lead to inflated prices in the domestic market. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
Passage -17
Read below given Passage
1.The need for Competition Law becomes more evident when foreign direct investment (FDI) is liberalized.
2.The impact of FDI is not always pro- competitive.
3.Very often FDI takes the form of a foreign corporation acquiring a domestic enterprise or establishing a joint venture with one.
4. By making such an acquisition the foreign investor may substantially lessen competition and gain a dominant position in the relevant market, thus charging higher prices.
5. Another scenario is where the affiliates of two separate multinational companies (MNCs) have been established in competition with one another in a particular developing economy, following the liberalization of FDI.
6. Subsequently, the parent companies overseas merge.
7. With the affiliates no longer remaining independent, competition in the host country may be virtually eliminated and the prices of the products may be artificially inflated.
8. Most of these adverse consequences of mergers and acquisitions by MNCs can be avoided if an effective competition law is in place. Also, an economy that has implemented an effective competition law is in a better position to attract FDI than one that has not.
9. This is not just because most MNCs are expected to be accustomed to the operation of such a law in their home countries and know how to deal with such concerns but also that MNCs expect competition authorities to ensure a level playing field between domestic and foreign firms.
Qts I. With reference to the passage, consider the following statements :
1. It is desirable that the impact of Foreign Direct Investment should be pro-competitive.
2. The entry of foreign investors invariably leads to the inflated prices in domestic markets.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
Ans. A
Explanation
Due to heavy inflow of FDI, foreign investors gain a dominant position in the local market making it very tough for the local companies to compete with them.
Hence, an effective competitive law is necessary to reduce the adverse effect of FDI.
But the entry of foreign investors does not invariably lead to inflated prices in the domestic market.
Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
Passage- 18
Read below given passage
1.The poor especially in market economies, need the strength that collectivities offer for creating more economic, social and political space for themselves, for enhancing their socio-economic well-being and voice, and as a protection against free market individualism.
2.It has been argued that a group approach to farming, especially in the form of bottom up agricultural production collectivities, offers substantial scope for poverty alleviation and empowering the poor as well as enhancing agricultural productivity.
3.To realise this potential, however, the groups would need to be voluntary in nature, small in size, participative in decision making and equitable in work sharing and benefit distribution.
4.There are many notable examples of such collectivities to be found in varied contexts, such as in the transition economies.
5.All of them bear witness to the possibility of successful cooperation under given conditions.
6. And although the gender impact of the family cooperatives in the transition economies are uncertain, the Indian examples of women only groups farming offer considerable potential for benefiting women.
Qts I. Agricultural collectivities such as group based farming can provide the rural poor
1. empowerment.
2. increased agricultural productivity.
3. safeguard against exploitative markets.
4. surplus production of agricultural commodities.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(b) 1, 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 3 and 4 only
Ans. B
Explanation
Referring to the lines "It has been argued agricultural productivity", (b) is the correct answer. But, it does not mean that surplus production can be attained through group farming. Hence statement (4) is wrong.
Passage -19
Read below given passage
1. In a typical Western liberal context, deepening of democracy invariably leads to consolidation of 'liberal values'.
2. In the Indian context, democratization is translated into greater involvement of people not as 'individuals' which is a staple to liberal discourse, al but as communities or groups.
3. Individuals are getting involved in the public sphere not as 'atomized' individuals but as members of primordial communities drawn on religious or caste identity. Community - identity seems to be the governing force.
4. It is not therefore surprising that the so-called peripheral groups continue to maintain their identities with reference to the social groups (caste, religion or sect) to which they belong while getting involved in the - political processes despite the fact that their political goals remain more or less identical.
5. By helping to articulate the political voice of the marginalized, democracy in India has led to 'a loosening of social strictures' and empowered the peripherals to be confident of their ability to improve the socio- economic conditions in which they are placed.
6. This is a significant political process that had led to a silent revolution through a meaningful transfer of power from the upper caste elites to various subaltern groups within the democratic framework of public governance.
Qts According to the passage, what does "deepening of democracy" mean in the Western
context?
A Consolidation of group and class identities.
B. Democratization translated as greater involvement of people.
C Democratization as greater involvement of 'atomized' individuals in the public sphere
D. None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct in this context.
Ans. C
Explanation
Referring to the lines in the passage, "Individuals are getting..... members of primordial communities",
(c) seems to be the correct answer.
Passage -20
Read below given statements
1.For fourteen and a half months I lived in my little cell or room in the Dehradun jail, and I began to feel as if I was almost a part of it.
2. I was familiar with every bit of it, I knew every mark and dent on the whitewashed walls and on the uneven floor and the ceiling with its moth - eaten rafters.
3.In the little yard outside I greeted little tufts of grass and odd bits of stone as old friends. I was not alone in my cell, for several colonies of wasp and hornets lived there, and many lizards found a home behind the rafters, emerging in the evenings in search of prey.
Qts Which of the following explains best the sentences in the passage "I was almost a part of it"?
A. I was not alone in the cell.
B. I was familiar with every bit of the cell.
C. I greeted little tufts of grass like old friends.
D. I felt quite at home in the cell.
Ans. B
Explanation
After living for fourteen and half months in the little cell of the jail, I was familiar with all the parts of it.
I had nothing to do in the jail, I had to just sit alone and look at the floor, wall and ceiling of the cell. Hence, I got familiar with every bit of it.