Ghadar Party

 

Qts1 Explain about  Ghadar Party

1. In 1913, Lala Hardayal, Bhai Parmanand and Ramchandra founded the Ghadar Party in San Francisco. 

2.  Ghadar Party aim was to send volunteers and money to organise mutiny and rebellion in India.

 3.In the same year Lala Hardayal started the weekly Hindustan Ghadar 

6. The Muslim League was founded on Dec. 30, 1906 at the initiative of Nawab Salimullah of Dacca, Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk. Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk and Aga Khan.

7. Aga Khan led a Muslim delegation, called the Shimla Delegation, in 1906 to the viceroy, Lord Minto, to demand separate electorate for Muslims. It was awarded by the Morley Minto Reforms of 1909

8. The Indian Patriot's Association was organised in 1907 which sought to improve the lot of the peasants.

9. Bharat Mata Samiti was formed by Sufi Amba Prasad

Qts 2 Explain about Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909:

1. Created an official majority in the Imperial Legislative Council and non-official majorities in the provincial legislative councila

2.Introduced element of direct elections to the Legislative Councils.

3. Introduced for the first time in Indian politics the communal electorate

The Partition of Bengal was annulled in Dec 1911 by an announcement by King George V at Delli Durbar. By the same announcement the capital of India was transferred from Calcutta to Delhi.

Qts3 Explain about Lucknow Pact

Lucknow Pact (1916) between the Congress and the League accepted the provision of separate electorates for Muslims. It also accepted under-representation for Muslims in Muslim majority areas and over-representation in Muslim minority areas.

1. The Lucknow session of Congress passed a resolution demanding self-government at an early date and dominion status for India...

2. It brought about the reunion of the Moderates and the Extremists. The death of Gokhale and Pherozeshah Mehta in 1915 softened the Moderates' attitude.

3. President of the Lucknow session was Ambika Charan Mazumdar.

Qts4 Explain about Annie Besant 

1. Annie Besant came to India in 1895, joined Congress in 1914.

2. She started the Home Rule League in 1916. Tilak also founded a Home Rule League simultaneously which confined its activities to Maharastra (excluding Bombay) and Central Province.

3. Bought the 'Madras Standard' and renamed it 'New India', to popularise the Home Rule movement

4.Was arrested by the Madras Govt. in June 1917. Sir Subramania lyer returned his knighthood in protest (Subramania lyer - known as the Grand Oldman of South India)

5. Edited two papers Commonweal and New India

6. Presided over the Congress session at Calcutta (1917)

7.  Wrote a booklet - India, A Nation

Qts5 Explain about the Home Rule Movement :

1. Demanded self-government for Indians in the Legislative Councils to be elected by the people and Executive Councils to be responsible to the legislative.

2. Was conceived on the lines of the Irish Home Rule Movement.

3. Outside Congress but not opposed to its policies.

4. Filled an important stage in the national struggle for independence and broadened its base by including women and students.

5. But it slackened after Montague's announcement in the British Parliament about a responsible government in India. Tilak ent abroad for the libel suit against Valentine Chirol's 'Indian Unrest'.

Qts 6 Explain about Montague-Chelmsford Reforms: The Act of 1919

1. During the premiership of Lloyd George.

2. Provided for a distribution of power between the Centre and the provinces.

3. Provided for a Bicameral Legislature at the Centre. The Upper House for 5 years, and the Lower House for 3 years. The elections were direct, but the franchise was restricted. The principle of separate electorate was not abandoned.

4. The powers of the Legislative Assembly were restricted. Though it was given the power to pass the budget, it had no right either to discuss or to vote on certain items.

5.Introduced the system of Dyarchy in the Provinces. The Governor-in-Council holding charge of Reserved subjects and the Governor and the ministers the Transferred subjects.

6. The Governor was supreme in provincial administration and legislation. All bills passed by the provincial legislatures required the assent of the Governor and the Governor- General. In case of the Transferred subjects, the Governor had the power to reject the advice of his ministers and act on his own

7. Provided for the first time the establishment of a Public Service Commission

8. The Moderates accepted the Reforms of 1919 as a substantial. instalment in India's struggle for self rule. But the Extremists rejected it as entirely unacceptable.