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RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT (600 - 400 BC)

 

 Qes 1.BUDDISISM (BUDDIHA’S LIFE)

1.Gautam  Buddha was the founder of Buddhism, who was a Shakya prince,

2.Born in 563 on the Vaishakha poornima Day at Lumbini (near Kapilavastu in Rumminedhi District in Nepal.

3. His father was Suddhodana (a Shakya ruler) and Mother Mahamaya ( Princes of Kollia Republic) who died after 7 days  of his birth. Brought up by Stepmother Gautami.

 4.Married at the age of 16, to Yashodhara and had a son named Rahula.

 5.Four sight, an old  Man, a diseased person, a dead body and an ascetic, proved to be a turning point in his carrier.

6.Let his palace at the age of 29 in search of truth (also called Mahabhinishkramana/ The Great Renunciation) and became a wandering ascetic.

7. His  first techer was Alara Kalama ( Sankhya Philosopher) from whom he learnt the technique of medition. His next teacher was Udarka Ramputra.

8.Attained Nirvana ( enlightenment) at the age of 35, under a pipal tree at Uruvella (Body Gaya) on the bank of river Niranajana (Falgu)

9.Delivered the First sermon at Sarnath ( Dear Park) where his five. diciples His first sermon is called Dharmachakra Parvatana (Turning of the wheel of Law)

 10.Atteained Mahaparinirvana (death ) at Kushinagar (identical With village Kasia in Kushinagar district of Uttar Pradesh ) in 483 BC at the age of 80 in the Malla republic.

 

Qes 2. Docterine of Buddhism

some of the fundamentals of the teaching of Gautama Buddha are

   1. The four Great Truths;

1.      The world is full of sorrow and misery:

2.      The cause of all pain and misery is desire:

3.      Pain and misery can be ended by killing or controlling desire:

4.      Desire can be controlled by following the Right Fold path

       2.  The four Great Truths;

1.      The world is full of sorrow and misery:

2.      The cause of all pain and misery is desire:

3.      Pain and misery can be ended by killing or controlling desire:

4.      Desire can be controlled by following the Right Fold path

2. Belife in Nirvana ; Accordinf to Buddha, Soul is amyth. When desire ceases, rebirth ceases and nirvana is attained that is freedom from the cycle of birth, death and rebirth is gained by following the Eight Fold Path.

3. code of conduct:

1.Do not covert the property of others: Do not Commit violence: Do not use intoxicants; Do not speak a lie: Do not indulge in  corrupt practice.

  QES 3. Sects Buddhism

1.      Hinayana ( the lesser Vehicle) ; 1. Followers belived in the original teaching of Buddha

2.      Sought individual salvation through self –displine and Medititaion:3

3.      Did not belive in idol – worship;

4.      Favoured Pail langugge ; 

QES 4.  Mahayana (the graeter vehicle)

1.Followers belived in the heacenliness of Buddha:

2.Sought the salvation of all through the grace and help of Buddha and Bodhisatva

3. belived in idol – worship

4.Favourd sankrit language

5.Known as Northern Buddist Religion,because prevailed in the north of India eg; china Korea,japan rtc

 Two subsects of Mahayana- Madyamika shunyavada (founder- Nagarjuna) and Yogachar/ vijnanvad (founder – Maitreyanath and his disciple Asanga).

   QES 5. Vajrayana

1. Followers belived that salvation could be best attained by asquirinf the magical power, Vajra

2.chief divinities of this new sect were the Taras

3. popular in Eastern India, particularly Bengal and Bihar.

 QES 6.Sacred Shrines

1 Buddishist architecture was developed in three forms

1         Stupa ; Relics of the Buddha or some prominent Buddishist monks are preserved

2         chaitya : prayer hall and

3         Vihara Residence.

2     The eight holy places (Ashtasthanas)  i.Lumbini(birth) ii. Bodh Gaya (enligtrenment) iii. Sanath (first sermon )iv. Kusinagar(death) v. sravasti vi.Rajgrha vii. Vaishali and viii. Sanksya.

3   Other centres of Buddhism in Ancient India- Amaravati and Nagarjunikonda in Andhra Pradesh; Nalanda in Bihar ;junagadh and Vallabhi and Nagarjunikonda in Andra Pradesh: Nalanda in Bilhar : junagah and Vallabhi in Gujarat; sanchi and Bharhut in Uttar Pradesh; and jagadala and somapuri in west Bengal.

QES 7.   JAINISM

1   There was 24 Tirthankars (literally ford maker; Prophets or Gurus) all Kshatriyas. Founded by Rishabhnath 9Emblem ; Bull) The Vishnu purana and

2  ambbigous we have historical proof of only the last two – parshwanath (23^rd 0 and Mahavira(24^th)

3  The 23^rd Tirthankar Parshwanath 9 Emblem ; snake ) was the son of king Ashasena of Banaras. He abandoned the throna and led the life of hermit and died at sammet – shikar/ parshwanath 9 Parashnath) Hill Giridhi,jharkand, His four main teachinngs ( Chaturti) wer

4.  The 24^th and the last Tirthankar was Vardhman Mahavira (emblem; Lion)

QES 7. Mahavira’s Life

 

1   He was born in Kundagram 9vaishali,Bihar 0 in 540 Bc

2   His father Siddharnath was the head of Jnatika Kshatriya clam under vajji of Vaishali.

3  His mother was Trishala, sister of Lichchavi prince chetak of Vaishali.

4  Married to Yashodha, had daughter named Anonja Priyadarsena ( whose husband Jamali became his first disciple)

5 At the of 30,after the death of his father, he became an ascetic. He was axxompained by Makkhali Gosala.

6  At the age of 42, under a sal treet jambhik grama on the bank of river Rijiupalika,Mahavira attained superme Knowledge ( kaivalya Nrigrantha)

7 From then onwards he was called jaina or jitendriya ( one who conquered hid sense) and Mahavira ( the brave ) and his followers were named jain. He also got the title of Arhant (blessed one)

8  He  delivered his first sermon at pavat to his 11 disciples (known as 11 Gradharas?Gandharvas) Later, he founded a Jain sangha (Jain commune ) at pava

9  Mahavira preached almost the same message as parshvanth and added one more , brahamacharya ( celibacy) to it

10 At the age of 72 in 468BC,he attained death at pavapuri 9 near Biharharif in Bihar)

Teaching of Jainism

1.   Five vows of Jainism (pancha Mahavaratas)

1.       Non-injury(ahimsa)

2.       Non- lying (Satyaa)

3.       Non- stealing (Asteya)

4.       Non-possession (Aparigrha)

5.       Observe continence (Brahamcharya)

6.       (The first four principles are of parsvanth

2  The principle of Jainism as preached by Mahavira are; Rejected the authority of the Vedas and the vedic rituals; Did not belive in the existence of God; belived in the existence of god:

3  Belived in Karma and the Transmigaration of  soual: Laid great emphasis on equality.

QES 8. Jaina Philosophy

 1.   Syadavada; According to Syadavada,seven modes of predication (sptabhangi) are possible. Absolute affirmation and absolute negation both are wrong. All Judgements are conditional.

2.  It is called Anekantavada or the doctrine of the manynesss of reality. Matter 9Pudgala) and Spririt (Jiava) are regarded as separate and independent realities

Two sects of Jainism

1.Shvetambaras ( those who put on white robes) – Sthulabhadra

2. Digambars (those who were stark naked0 -- Bhadrabah

3 Anekantavada : The jaina metaphysics is a realistic and relativistic pluasralism.

                                    QES 9  .  VISHNAVISM

1. Lord Vasudeva was first worshipped in Western India. Besnagar inscription (2^nd century Bc) states thst the cults received royal Patronage. Soon, Vasudeva was identified with Narayana and Krishna.

    4.4 SAIVISM

2.  Shiva is identified with the Rig Vedic god Rudra. He was Worshipped in from the linga (phallus). Gundimallam linga is the oldest idol of Shiva, excavated from Renugunta in Andra Pradesh

Anekantavada : The jaina metaphysics is a realistic and relativistic pluasralism

3 .Pasupatal is the oldest, cult founded by Lakulisa. Mahakal, Kapala bhrit and Bhairav .

4 Kalmukha another tantric cult, flourished in Karnataka. Aghoris worshipped goddesses Sitala and Kali.

5 Kanphata or Khanti cult was propounded by gorakhanath in Eastern Bengal.

6. Suddasaiva cult was expounded by Srikanat by Basava.

 

QWS 10. CHRISTIANITY

 1.Christianity was founded by jesus Christ, bible is the holy book of chirtians and the sign of cross is their holy symbol.

2. Jesus Christ was born to Mother Mary anf father Joseph at benthlehem in 

QES 11.  ISLAM

Ø   1     Hazrat Muhammad founded the Ilamic religion. Harzrat Muhammad aateined the suoerme Knowledge or enlightment in Ad

  His teachings are complied in thr holy Kuran.

Ø .2. He was  He was born to Amina (mother) and  abdulla(father) at Mecca in AD 570 He was married to Khajida ( a widow) at the age of 25 years. His daughter (Fatima) was married to Ali Hussain.

Ø 3    24 th September (Ad 622 ), the day Hazrat Muhammad started his journey from Mecca to Medina marks the beginning of the hijra ErR

   4 HE died on 8^th June, ad 623 and was buried at Medina. After his death, Isalm divided in to the Shia and the Sunni cults. His successors were Known as Khalifa. The birthday of Muhammad saheb is celebrated as EidmildunJerusalem NabiFacts

 A   1. Facts about   Gautam Buddha  

 O original Name  Siddartha  2Father:  Suddhodhan 3Mother: Mahaamay 4 cousin  : Devadatt 5

Horse Name :   Karnataka 6Chariteer :  Channa,7 Wife : Yashod 8 Son Rahula

C     2. creat   Events of Buddha’s Life   Symbols 

1n     1.janma (Birth)- Lotus and Bull 2.Mhabhinishramana : Horse3  Nirvana/ Sambodhi ( Enlightenment) – Bodhi tree 4.  Dhramachakra Paravatana – Wheel5.( First Sermon)        6 Mahaparinirvana (Death) – Stupa Doctrine of Buddhis Some of the fundametals of the teaching of Gautama Buddha are—

Tr  3. Triratna (Three Jewels)

1.      Buddha (the enlightened)2. Dharma (doctrine)3.sangha( commune)

Th Eight Fold Path

1.    1 Right Faith 2

2.    2  Right Thought

3.      3Right Action

4.      4Right Livelihood

5.      5Right Efforts

6.      6Right speech

7.      7Right Remembrance

8.      8Right concentration

 4. Buddist council year venue chairman Royal patron Result

 1^st Buddist Council 483 Bc saptaparani  cave Mhakassapa ajatashastru( Haryanka Dynasty) Compilation of Sutta pitaka and vinaya pitak by Ananda and upali repectively.

2^nd Buddist Council 383 Bc  Chullavanga  vishali Sabbakami Kalashoka (Shisunaga dynasty) The monks of vaisali wanted some change in rites. Schims in to sthaviravadins and Mahasangikas.

3^rd Buddist 250 Bc  Ashokarama Vihar pataliputra vihar Mogaliputta tissa  Ashoka (Maurya dyanasty ) Cmpilatation of abhudhamma pitaka Decision to send missionaries to various parts of the world

4^th Buddhist 98 AD kundala vana Kasmir chairman Vasumitra vice chairman Ashvaghosa Kanishka (kushan Dynasty) Compilation of Mahavavibha she Shastra (Sanskrit comment on Tripitaka) Division of Buddhists into Hinayasanists and Mahayanists.

 5.Buddist Literature

 1 Pali Texts : Buddist scriptures in pali are commonly refferd to as Tripitakas

Threefold Basket. They are Vinya oitaka;Rules of discipline in Buddhist manasateries: Sutta pitak: Largest,contains collection of Buddha’s sermons: Abhidhamma pitaka;Expllanation of the philosophical principle of the Buddist religion.Milindapanho 9i.e question milinda)—a dialogue between Milinda (Identical with Indo – Greek ruler Menander0 aand Buddist saint Nagasena. Dipavvamsha and Mahavamsha – The great chronicles of Sri Lanka.

2 Sanskrit Texts; (i) Buddha Charita, Saundarananda  Sutralankar, Saiputra Prakarna and vijra Suchi by Ashwaghosha :  (ii) Mhavibhasha shastra by vasumitra;(iii) visudhamagga, atthaKathayen and Sumangalavasini by Buddhagosha ( iv) Madyanmika Karika and Pranjnaparimita Karika by Nagarjuna,etc.

6. Royal Patrons

Bimbisara Ajantashatru and Ashoka (Magada ruler) Prasenjit  (Kosala ruler)

Udayana  (vitsa ruler) Harshavardhanna( Vardhana ruler ); Gopala, Dharmapala and rampala ( pala rulers)

Buddist Universities palce Founder

Nalanda Badagaon, Bihar Kumargupta 1 (Gupta ruler) Odantpuri Bihsrsharif, Bihar Gopala(Pala ruler) vikrmashila Bhagalpur,Bihar Dharmapala ( palaruler) Somapuri North Bengal dharmmapalapala ruler) Jagadal Bengal  Ramapala (pala ruler) vallabhi Gujarat Bhattarka (Maritrank ruler)

 7. Buddist Literature

Pali Texts : Buddist scriptures in pali are commonly refferd to as Tripitakas

Threefold Basket. They are Vinya oitaka;Rules of discipline in Buddhist manasateries: Sutta pitak: Largest,contains collection of Buddha’s sermons: Abhidhamma pitaka;Expllanation of the philosophical principle of the Buddist religion.Milindapanho 9i.e question milinda)—a dialogue between Milinda (Identical with Indo – Greek ruler Menander0 aand Buddist saint Nagasena. Dipavvamsha and Mahavamsha – The great chronicles of Sri Lanka.

Sanskrit Texts; (i) Buddha Charita, Saundarananda  Sutralankar, Saiputra Prakarna and vijra Suchi by Ashwaghosha :  (ii) Mhavibhasha shastra by vasumitra;(iii) visudhamagga, atthaKathayen and Sumangalavasini by

8. Facts About Mahavira

Father – Siddartha, Mother, -Trishala,Wife- Yashodha, Daughter – Anonja Priyadarshini, Son-in – law Jamali 

 9.Three Gams

Right faith ; It is the belief in Thirathakaras. Right Knowledge: It is the Knowledge of the Jain creed..

Right conduct; it is the practice of the 5 vows of Jainism.

Jain council year venue chairman Result

1^st 300 Bc Pataliputra  Sthubhadra Compilatation of 12 Angas

2^nd 512 AD  Devardhi Kshmasramana final Compilation of 12 angas and 12 Upangas.

Sacred literature

 10. Jain council year venue chairman Result

1^st 300 Bc Pataliputra  Sthubhadra Compilatation of 12 Angas

2^nd 512 AD  Devardhi Kshmasramana final Compilation of 12 angas and 12 Upangas.

Chandogya upanishada gives first reference to Lord Krishna as the son of Devaki and student of Rishi Ghor angiras Mastya purana  refers to the ten incarnations of Vishnu

Mahabhashya of Patanjali mentions saiva cult as Shiva Bhagvat. Vamana Purana refers to four schools of saivism i. pasupati,ii shiva iii Kapalika and iv, Kalmukha.

 11.Sacred literature

The Sacred literature of the Svetambaras is writtrer in a form of pararit called Ardhamagadhi Prakriti and may be classifies as follow ; (a) The 12 Angas; (b) The 12 Upangas; (c) the 10 Parikarans; (d) The 10 parikarnas: (d) The 2 Chhedasutra: (e) The 4 Mulasutras and (F) The 2 Sutra Granthas.

Beside this the important jain textes are: I Kalpaxurtras (in Sanskrit )- Bhadrabahu: 2 Bhadrabhu chrita: 3 parishishta parvan – Hemchandra,etc.

 

 12. Royal Patrons of Jainism

Nandas: Bimbisar: Ajastshatru: Chandragupta, Maurya: Bindusara: Udayan:Amoghavarsha: Siddharaja Jai Singh: Kumarpala: Etc

 13 Chandogya upanishada gives first reference to Lord Krishna as the son of Devaki and student of Rishi Ghor angiras Mastya purana  refers to the ten incarnations of Vishnu

 14  Mahabhashya of Patanjali mentions saiva cult as Shiva Bhagvat. Vamana Purana refers to four schools of saivism i. pasupati,ii shiva iii Kapalika and iv, Kalmukha.