1 Basicsbiology Biology Meaning
Qts 1 Explain meaning biology
Biology is the natural Science in which living being are studied.
It is deserved from two words bios meaning life and logos meaning study
Therefore, study of life is called Biology.
Biology is mainly divided in to two important branches Botonny and Zoology.
Branch of Biology which deals with study of plants is a called as Botany.
Branch of Biology which deals with his the study of animals is a called as Zoology
Qts 2 Explain Branches of Biology
A. Basic Biology : The branch of biology of which undertake basic study of plants. animals or micro - organisms . It called as (a) Botany (b) Zoology and (c) Microbiology.
B. Applied Biology: The branches of biology that play a Signiant role in the development of human society are included under applied biology
eg: (a) Agriculture (b) Medical Science (c) Veterinary science and (d) Pharmacy.
Qts 3 Explain features of living organisms
1. Nutrition : All living things can be categorized in to two categories on the basis of obtains energy
from food
Autotrophs- plants
and heterotrophs, except plants, all animals
2. Locomotion: All living things have some from of movement whether it is just inside bodies (like trees) or their whole bodies( like animal)
3. Respiration : Exchange of gases with atmosphere is found in all living things.
4. Excretion : Exchange of gases with atmospheres found in all living things.
5. Growth : All living things grow and add new cells and new body parts.
6. Sensitivity : Living things have the ability to sense the condition of their surrounding and respond to these stimuli.
7. Reproduction : Living organism produce young ones of their own kind.
Qts 4 CLASSIFICATION OF ROGANISMS
1. Monera : Bacteria. These organism has no nucleus inside
2. Prostisa: These are neither plant or animal .Example Amoeba, Red algae
3. fungi : It is plant like organism that does not make chloropyll.
Example Non green plants like Mushroom, Yeast
4. Planate : All plants except some algae.
5. Animalia : Almost all animals except protozoa.
4. CELL
(i) Composition
1 It is made up of small organic molecules, inorganic ions, hormones and water.
2. Cell membrane: The part of the cell which separates the cells from the outside environment and protects the cell, as well as regulates what goes in and out of the cell.
3 Cell wall : Extra layer of protection and gives structural support (only) found in plant cell)
4. Chloroplast : Chloroplast is an organelle that contains the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll that captures sunlight and converts it into useful energy, thereby, releasing oxygen from water
5. Cytoskeleton : Poteen filaments inside the cells ( Microfilaments , Micro tubules, and intermediate filaments)
6. Endoplasmic Reticulum : Major site of protein synthesis for recycling or degradation by lysosomes.
7. Endosomes : vesicles that traffic membrane and intra and extra cellular contents for recycling or degradation by lysates.
8. Golgi apparatus : A stack of small flat sacs formed by membranes inside the cell's cytoplasm (gel-like fluid). The Golgi apparatus prepares proteins and lipid (fat) molecules for use in other places inside and outside the cell.
9. Flagellum : a slender threadlike structure, especially a microscopic appendage that enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc. to swim.
10. Lipid bilayer: The lipid bilayer is the barrier that keeps ions, proteins and other molecules where they are needed and prevents them from diffusing
11. Microvilli : Finger like projections present in small intestine that increase surface area for absorption of nutrients from surroundings medium.
12. Lysosomes: are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers—proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
13. Mitochondria : are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions:
14. Nucleus : The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information. Nucleoli are small bodies often seen within the nucleus.
16 Pili :The main function of the pili is to ensure that the bacterial cells are properly attached to the host surface in which they are living. The pili are created with a special protein type known as pilin.
17. Ribosomes are known as protein factories because they are the main site of protein synthesis
18.Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell that function in several different ways. In mature plant cells, vacuoles tend to be very large and are extremely important in providing structural support, as well as serving functions such as storage, waste disposal, protection, and growth.
19 A vesicle, or blister, is a thin-walled sac filled with a fluid, usually clear and small. Vesicle is an important term used to describe the appearance of many rashes that typically consist of or begin with tiny-to-small fluid-filled blisters
Nucleus
Nucleus consist below given
(a) Chromatin : combination of DNA,RNA, and proteins that make up the chromosomes.
(b) Nucleus envelope: Double membrane structure that encloses the nucleus.
(c) Nucleolus where ribosomes are made.
Chromosome
Chromosome : (chroma + soma)
chroma - color: soma - body
It is thread like structure found in Nucleus.
A sex chromosome is a type of chromosome involved in sex determination. Humans and most other mammals have two sex chromosomes, X and Y, that in combination determine the sex of an individual. Females have two X chromosomes in their cells, while males have one X and one Y.
The 23rd pair of chromosomes are called allosomes. These consist of two X chromosomes in females, and an X chromosome and a Y chromosome in males.