Biology evalation
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
1. Any genetic change in a population that is inherited over several generation is Known as Biologicals evolution.
Micro evolution : A change in the genetic level of a population is denied as a small scale change and is called Micro- evolution.
Macro evolution : Biological evolution also includes the idea that all of life is connected and can be traced back to one common ancestor. This is called Macro evolution.
Evidence from Connecting Links
The organisms having the structures of two different groups are called connecting links
Theory of Carolus Linnaeus:
(i) Theory of Carolus Linnaeus :
Carolus Linnaeus (1707 - 1778) contribution to classification provides an evoluaitionalry Relationships among the organisms.
No spices is new. He believes that each nard every specie originates from some pre- exiting species.
(ii) Theory of Lamarck or Lamarckism:
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744 - 1829) in 18012 and 1809 Proposed this theory that is organism undergo changes for adapting themselves to environment and the characters thus acquires are passed on to the next generation.
Lamarckism theory is popularly called theory of inheritance of acquired characters.
Lamarck's book was Philosophic Zoologies.
(iii) Theory of Darwin or Darwinism:
It is the theory of the evolution of species by natural selection.
This theory was proposed by Charles Darwin in his book on the origin of species in 1859.
Darwinism is popularly Known as Theory of Natural selection.
CELL DIVISION CYCLE
(a) Cells go through phases of a cell cycle during their life before they divvied to from new cells All cells are derives from
Preexisting cells, This is called cell divisin cyle.
The cell cycle includes two main parts
(i) Cell division and
(ii) inter phase.
Muscle and nerve cells do not divisde
Response for Cell Divisaon
Cell growth repair and replacement or damage cell pars.
Reproduction of the species.
Types of cell visions.
(i) Mitosis : It is aprocess by which a cell which has previously replicated chrosome in the nucleus of the cell is
separated in to two identical sets of chromosome. It is also called equational division.'
(ii) Meiosis : It is one type of reduction division of reproductive cell which takes place mainly during the formation of haploid hamates i.e ova and sperm.
(b) Inter phase
Inter phase is the longest part of cell and is called the resting stage Because the cell is nt dividing in this stage.
Cells grow develop and carry on all heir normal metabolic function during inter phase.
Inter phase consist o three parts G^1., and G^2 phases.
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
1. Any genetic change in a population that is inherited over several generation is Known as Biologicals evolution.
Micro evolution : A change in the genetic Level of a population is denied as a small scale change and is called Micro- evolution.
Macro evolution : Biological evolution also includes the idea that all of life is connected and can be traced back to one common ancestor. This is called Macro evolution.
Evidence from Connecting Links
The organisms having the structures of two different groups are called connecting links
Theory of Carolus Linnaeus:
(i) Theory of Carolus Linnaeus :
Carolus Linnaeus (1707 - 1778) contribution to classification provides an evoluaitionalry Relationships among the organisms.
No spices is new. He believes that each nard every specie originates from some pre- exiting species.
(ii) Theory of Lamarck or Lamarckism:
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744 - 1829) in 18012 and 1809 Proposed this theory that is organism undergo changes for adapting themselves to environment and the characters thus acquires are passed on to the next generation.
Lamarck's book was Philosophic Zoologies.
(iii) Theory of Darwin or Darwinism:
It is the theory of the evolution of species by natural selection.
This theory was proposed by chalres Darwin in his book on the orginof speices in 1859.
Darwinism is popularly Known as Theory of Natuaral selection.
BOTONY
1. The branch of Biology which deals with the study of plants is called Botany
2. Theophrastus is called the father of Botany.
3. Eicher has classified the Botanical world.
Classification of Plants
Cryptogams: flowerless and speed plants belong to the group of cryptogams
Example:
Algae. Mosses and Fens.
Thallophyte : Undifferentiated plant body that no root's, stem or laves is called thallophyte:
(i) Unicellular, colonials or filamentary
(ii) chlorophyll bearing thallophyte's
(iii) Aquatic in nature and
(iv) Autotrophic mode of nutrition.
Algae : Algae are mostly aquatic, autotrophic, Chiloronial II bearing thalloid plants They range from unicellular, colonial to filamentous forms, Algae show rapid reproduction and make a huge colony in the water, which is called algal bloom.
Fungi :(i) study of fungi is a called mycology
(ii) Chlorophyll less, central carrier tissue - less thallophyte
(iii) Glycogen accumulated food of fungi
(iv) chitin (albugo) found in cell wall of fungi and
(v) Harmfulness-plant diseases-rust & smut.
Fungi diseases:
(i) Brown leaf spots on rice:
(ii) Damping off of seedlings
(iii) wart disease of potato and
(iv) Tikka disease of ground nut
Phanerogams : They are seed beeing plants.
Gymnosperms;
(i) Naked seeded plants
(ii) seeds are not enclosed in fruits:
(iii) pollination takes place through air:
(iv) sequoias gigantic- longest in fruits:
(v) the plant Kingdoms comes under gymnosperms
(iv) Zambia pyemias is the smallest plant
(vii) cycas biloda and metaseqouia are living fossils:
(viii) Maiden hair tree Ginko biloda.
Angiosperm
(i) Flowering and speed bearing plants
(ii) seeds are found inside the fruits
(iii) Root, leaves flowers fruits and seeds are fully developed
(iv) seed coat of Plants around the seed and
(v) Two types of plants on the basic or number of cotyledons.
Monocotyledon Plants - Plants having 1 cotyledon i.e garlic and onion
Dictionary plants - Plants having 2 cotyledon i.e Radish, Turnip, Mustard of cruiferace category.
VIRUS
1. Virology: study of vires is called virology.
Discovery: By Russian Scientist Ivanosky in the year 1892
3. Ultra microscopes particles in nature are Known as viruses which are connecting link between living and non- living
Charteristicks features of virus
1. Microscopic and active inside a living cells.
2. Nucleic acids replicate themselves and they reproduction rapidly
types ( according to parasitic nature)
Bacteriophages
1. Those virus which infect the bacteria, eg. TMV ( Tabaco Mosaic Virus)
Retro virus: Those viruses in which RNA substance if substance is found as genetic material.
Viral diseses in humans : Mumps chicken pox, Hepatitis Polio AIDS and Herpes.
Bacteria
Discovery : Antony Leeuwenhoek of Holland in the year 1683. Leeuwenhoek is called father of Bacteriology.
Bacteria of TB ( Tuberculosis) discovers by Robert Koch.
Vaccine of Rabies and pasteurization of milk (1812 - 1892)
Types : ( on the basic of shapes)
1 Bacillus : This rod or cylindrical
2. Round or coccus : These are the round and the smallest bacteria.
3. Comma shaped : Vibrio, choleric
4. Spirillum : spring or screw shaped.
PLANT MORPHOLOGY
Study of the physical from and external