5. RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT

 4. RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT (600 - 400 BC)

various relogious movement viz buddism jinism etc, were and giventje post-cedic Known as the period pf secong urbansaron

4.1 BUDDHISM (BUDDHA'S LIFE)

-Gautam Buddha was the founder of Busshism, who was a shakya prince.

-Born in 563 BC on the vaishakha poornima day at lumbini 9nera kapilavasthu0 in rumminedhi District in Nepal.

- His father was suddohodhana (a shakya ruler) and Mother Mahamaya (princes of Kollia republic) who deid after 7 days of his birth Brought up by step mother gautami.

-Married at the age of 16, to Yashodhara and had a son named rahula.

- Four sight, an old man, a diseased persons a turning point in tjis carrier

-Left his palace at the age of 29 in search of truth (also called  Mahabhiniskhkramana/The Great Renunciation) and became a wandering ascetic.

-His first teacher was alaraKalama (Sankhya pilosopher) from whom he learnt the technique of medititaion. his next teacher was )uraka Ramputra.

-Attained Nirva (enlightenment at the age of 35, under a pie tree at uruvella (Bodha gaya) on hte bank of river Nirnjana (Falgu)

-Delivered hte first sermon at sarnath 9Dear aprk) where his five disciples had settled His first sermon is called, Dharmachakra pravartana (Turning of the wheel of lwa).-Attaned Mahaparinirvana (death0 ar Kushinagar 9identical with villge Kaisa Kushinagar district of Uttr pradesh0 in 483 Bc at he age of 80 in the Mll arepublic.

Doctriane of Buddhism.

some of the fundamentals of the teachings of Gauthama Buddha are

1. The Four Great truths.:

(i) The world is full of worrow and misery:

(ii) The cause of alla pain and misery is desire:

(iii) Pain and misery can be ended by killing or controlling desire:

(iv) Desire can be controled by following the Right fold path.

2. Belife in Nirvana : According to Buddha, soul is amyth, when desire ceases, rebirth ceases and nirvana is attained that is freedom from the cycle of birth death and rebirth is gained by following the Eight Fold path.

3. code of conduct: Do not covet the property of others: Do not commit violence: Do not use intoxicants: Do not speak a lie: Do not indulge in corrupt practes.

SECTS OF BUDDHISM

1. Hinayana (the lesser vehicle)

1. Followers belived in the roiginal teaching of Buddha

2. Sought indidual salvation through self - discipline and meditaion:

3. Did not belive in idol worship

5. Known as southern Buddhist religion because it prevailed in the south of indai, e.g sri (thailand) etc. 

6. Two subsects of Hinayana vaibhasika and sauthantrika.

2. Mahayana (the greatest vehicle):

1. Followers belived in the heavenliness of buddha:

2. sought the salvation of all through the grace and help of Buddha nd Bodhisatva

3. belived in idol- worship

4. Favoured sankrit language:

5. Known as northern buddhist religion because prevalied in the north of india. e.g  china korea, japan etc.

6. Two subsects of Mahayana-Madhyamika shuyavada (founder =- nagarjuna) and Yogachar/vijnanavada(founder Maitreyanath and this disciple asanga)

3. vajrayana : 

1. Followers belived that salvation could be best attained by acquiring the magical power, vajra

2. chief divinities of this new sect were the tara

3. population in Eastern india. particularly Bengal and bihar.

 Buddhist literature

pai texts: Buddhist scriptures in pali are commonaly reffered toa s tripitakas three fold basket. they are vinya pitak rules of desciplene in Buddishist monasteries sutta pitaka: Largeat contains monasteries

sutta pitaka: largest contains collection of Buddha's sermons.

Abhidhamma pitaka: Explaination of the religion milllindapanho(i.e question of Milinda) a dialogue  (i. e questio of milinda a diaslgue between milinda (identical with Indo greek ruler Menander) and Buddhist saint nagasena dipavamsha  and Mahavamsha -the grat chronilesof sri lanka.

sanskrit texts : 

1. Buddha chaitra, saumdaranada, sultralamkar, sariputra parakarn and vijra uchi by Ashwaghsha

2. Mahavibhasha Attakathyyaen and sumanglavasinio by Buddhagosha

3. visudhamagga, Atthakathyen and sumaglvasini by buddhaosha

4. Madhymika Karika  an prajnaparimita karika by nagarjuna. etc.

sacred shrines

-Buddhist architecrue was developed inthree froms:

1. stupa : relics of the Buddha or some prominet buddhist monks are preserved

2. chiatya : Prayer hall and

3. Vihara: residence

The eight holy places (Ashthasthans)

1. Lumbini (birth)

2. Bodh gaya (englishment

3. sarnath (first semon)

4. kusinagar (death) 

5. sravasti

6. Rajgriha

7. vaishali and (vii) snkasya.

-other centres of buddhism in Ancient india- Amaravati and nagrjunikonda in  andra pradhesh: Nalanda bihar junagadh and vallabhi in gujarath : sanchi and bharhut in uttar pradesh: and jagadala and somapuri in west bengal.