4. SOCIETY and ECONOMY

 SOCIETY

-The four fold division of society became clear which were initially based on occupation later became hereditary : Brahmins (priests)

Kshatriya (warriors) vaishyas (agriculturists cattle -reareas traders) and shudras (servers of the upper three) The institution of Gotra (the clan) apperared in later vedic period.

-The earlist reffernece to the four Ashramas ( the stages of life) Brahmacharay ,Girihastha, vanprastha and sanyasa -is founded on the jabala upanihed the ashrama system wa formed to attain four purusharthas

( Dharma artha, kama amd Moksha0.

-The status of women declined, According to Aitareya brahamana adaughter is the sources of misery but a son is hte protector of family.

Yajnavalkya - gargi dialogue ( vrihadrnyaka upanishada)

indicates that some women had got higer education.

-According to Maitryani samthita, there are three evils

(i) liquor

(ii) woman and 

(iii) dice.

-16 samskars:

1. barbhadhana         2. pumsvana

3.  simantonayan     4. jtakarma

5. namakaran           6.nishkramana

7. Annaprashana     8. Chudakarma

9. Karnachhedana   10. vidyarmbha

11. upanayana           12. vedarmbha

13. samavaratana     14. Vivaha

15. vanprstha            16 Antyesti


RELIGION

- rituals and formulae became prominenet in the cut of sacrifice

-Indra and agni lost their importane . Prajapti (creator of hte universe later Indra and Agni lost their importance. prajapti (crator of the universe, later Known as Brhama) vishnu 9patron became the supreme god.

- pushan responsiblefor well being of the cattle , becme the god of the shudras

-In the later vedas and brahmans scrifices sacrifices (yajnas) came in to prominence There were two varieties of sacrifices

  1. Laghuyjnas (simple/private sacrifices) performed by householder for example: pancha mahayajna agnihotra dasrha yajna (on Amavasya) purnamasa jajna (on punima) etc. 

 2.  Mahayajnas 9grand/royal sacrifices) sacrifices that could only be undertaken by an aristocratic and wealth man and the king.

(a) Asvamedha yajna : Horse sacrifice which lasted for three days

(b) Agnishtoma Yajna: sacrifice of animal dedicated to Agni which lasted one day although yajnika (performer of yajna) and his wife spent ascetic life for a year before yajna on the occasion of this yajna soma rasa  ws consumed

(c) vajapeya yajna : Drink of strenght, which in its full from comprised a series by simplified Abhisheka anoinment.

(d) vajapeya days upto full one year.


ECONOMY 

- Land now become more valuable that cows, Agriculturue began to replace reaaring of catte. The plough was at times drawnby 24 oxen. manure was Known rice. barley beans, bean. sesame and wheat were cultivated.

-Evidence was there regarding organisation of merchants in o  guilds because of referene to corporation (Ganas) and aldermen (sreshtins)

- Considerable advanment was made in teh knowledge of meals. Mention of tin, silver and iron was aprt from gold and ayas (either copper of iron) in the Rig Veda.








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