inc surat split swadweshi movement
Qts1 Write about 1885 Indian National Congress
The Indian National Congress (INC), 1885
Allan Octavian Hume, a retired civil servant in the British Government took the initiative to form an all-India organisation. The Indian National Congress was founded and its first session was held at Bombay in 1885.
The first session of the Indian National Congress was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay under the presidentship of W.C. Bannerji, a veteran lawyer of Calcutta. It was attended by 72 delegates from all over India. They discussed the problems of all the irrespective of their religion, caste, language and regions.
Qts2 Write about ( I ) THE PHASE OF MODERATE (1885-1905)
For a few years the Congress enjoyed the patronage of the British administrators. Between 1885 and 1905, the Congress leaders were moderates
The Moderates had faith in the British justice and goodwill. They were called moderates because they adopted peaceful and constitutional means to achieve their demands.
The leading figures during the first phase of the National Movement were A.O. Hume, W.C. Banerjee, Surendra Nath Banerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji, Feroze Shah Mehta, Gopalakrishna Gokhale, Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, Badruddin Tyabji, Justice Ranade and G. Subramanya Aiyar.
Qts3 Write about Surendranath Banerjee
Firmly opposed the Partition of Bengal.
Qts4 Write about G Subramanya Aiyar
Preached nationalism through the Madras Mahajana Sabha. Founded the The Hindu and Swadesamitran.
Qts5 Write about Dadabhai Naoroji
Known as Grand Old Man of India. He is regarded as India's unofficial Ambassador in England. He was the first Indian to become a Member of the British House of Commons.
Qts6 Write about Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Regarded as the political guru of Gandhi. In 1905, he founded the Servants of Indian Society to train Indians to dedicate their lives to the cause of the country.
Qts7 Write about Methods of Moderates
The Moderates used petitions, resolutions, meetings, leaflets and pamphlets, memorandum and delegations to present their demands. They confined their political activities to the educated classes only.
Qts8 Write about (II) THE PHASE OF EXTREMIST
The period from 1905 was known as the era of extremism in the Indian National Movement. The extremists or the aggressive nationalists believed that success could be achieved through bold means. Their main objective was to attain Swaraj or complete independence and no just self-government.
The important extremist leaders were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Aurobindo Ghosh, Chakravarthi Viji Raghvachariar, Aswini Kumar Dutta, Raj Narayan Bose, T. Prakasham, Chidambaram Pillai, etc.
Qts9 Write about Bal Gangadhar Tilak
He was known as Lokamanya. Regarded as the real founder of the popular anti-British movement in India. He Organised Ganpati Festival (1893) and Shivaji Festival (1895).
He set up the Home Rule League in 1916 at Poona. Declared Swaraj is my birth- right and I will have it. He attacked the British through his weeklies. The Mahratha (in English) and The Kesari (in Marathi). He wrote Geeta Rahasya.
Qts10 Write about Lala Lajpat Rai
A Popularly known as the Lion of Punjab. Founded the Indian Home Rule League in the US in 1916. Also founded National School at Lahore.
Received fatal injuries while leading a procession against the Simon Commission and died on November 17, 1928.
Qts12 Write about Bipin Chandra Pal Bipin Chandra Pal
Began his career as a moderate and turned an extremist. He played an important role in the Swadeshi Movement. Founded English weekly New India. Also founded Vande Matram.
He preached nationalism through the nook and corner of Indian by his powerful speeches and writings.
Qts13 Write about Aurobindoa Ghosh
Passed ICS exam. Worked for secret revolutionary societies in Bengal and
Maharashtra. Started Bengali daily Jugantar. Wrote seditious articles in Vande
Matram. Put to trial for Maniktalla (Calcutta) Bomb Conspiracy Case.
After his release he settled in the French territory of Pondicherry and concentrated on spiritual activities.
Qts14 Write about Methods of the Extremists
They pointed out the forceful means by which the British had taken control of India. They had the spirit of self reliance and self determination.
The methods used by the extremists were :
1. Not cooperating with the British Government by boycotting government courts, schools and colleges.
2. Promotion of Swadeshi and boycott of foreign goods.
3. Introduction and promotion of national education.
Qts15 Write about Partition of Bengal and the Rise of Extremism
The partition of Bengal in 1905 provided a spark for the rise of extremism in the Indian National Movement. When the partition came into effect, 16 October, 1905, the people of Bengal organised protest meetings and observed a day of mourning.
The British Government while partitioning Bengal through a Royal proclamation gave justification that it was being done to stimulate growth of underdeveloped
Eastern region of Bengal, the main objective was to promote the policy of "Divide and Rule".
The idea behind partition of Bengal was to destroy the political influence of the educated middle class among whom the Bengali intelligentsia were the most prominent.
Qts16 Write about SWADESHI MOVEMENT
The Boycott and swadeshi movement had its genesis in the anti-partition movement which was launched to oppose the British decision to partition of Bengal.
It was in INC's annual session at Benaras in 1905 presided by G.K. Gokhale that a decision to launch the "boycott the foreign goods" campaign was taken pursued rigorously thereafter.
Extremists Lal-Bal-Pal (Lal Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal) and Aurobindo Ghosh were in favour of extending the movement to the rest of India. They, too, favoured the conversion of anti-partition movement from Swadeshi and boycott to a full fledged political mass-struggle. The moderates, on the other hand, wanted it to be confined to Bengal only.
Tilak took the movement to different parts of India. e.g. Poona and Bombay..
Ajit Singh and Lala Lajpat Rai led it in Punjab.
Chidambaram Pillai took the movement to Madras Presidency whereas Syed Haider Raza led it in Delhi.
Places witnessing active public participation were Rawalpindi, Kangra, Jammu, Multan and Haridwar.
The aggressive nationalists forced Dadabhai Naoroji to speak of Swaraj (which was not a Moderate demand) in the Calcutta Session of Congress in 1906. They adopted the resolutions of Boycott and Swadeshi.
Qts17 Write about Formation of the Muslim League (1906)
In December 1906, Muslim delegates from all over India met at Dacca for the Muslim Educational Conference.
Taking advantage of this occasion, Nawab Salimullah of Dacca proposed the setting up of an organisation to look after the Muslim interests. The proposal was accepted. The All India Muslim League was finally set up on December 30,1906.
Their first achievement was the separate electorates for the Muslims in the Minto-Morley reforms (1909).
Qts18 Write about Calcutta Session of 1906
In december, 1906 at the annual session of the INC at Calcutta presided by Dada Bhai Naoroji, "Swaraj" was adopted as the goal. He declared in his presidential address that the goal of INC was Swaraj/ self government like that of United Kingdom.
Qts19 Write about Surat Split
1907 was tragic year in the history of Indian National movement when INC split into two groups: (i) the extremists and (ii) the moderates at the Surat session.
Extremists were led by Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal and moderates were led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
The Surat split weakened the INC and helped strengthening the hands of British government launched a massive attack on the extremists by suppressing their newspaper and arresting their leaders.
Tilak was sent to Mandalay Jail (Burma) for 6 years. Aurobindo Ghosh gave up politics and left for Pondicherry. Lal Lajpat Rai left for Britain and Bipin Chandra Pal left politics temporarily.
Qts20 Write about Morley Minto Reforms
During the viceroyship of Lord Minto and secretaryship of Morely, Morley- Minto reforms were introduced in 1909.
The reform provided for separates electorate for Muslims, the most controversial provision, besides other constitutional measures. Under this provision, muslims could only vote for muslim candidates. This was done to create the impression that political, economic and cultural interests of Hindus and Muslims were separate.
Qts21 Write about The Lucknow Pact (1916)
During the 1916, Congress session at Lucknow two major events occurred. The divided Congress became united and an understanding for joint action against the British was reached between the Congress and the Muslim League and it was called the Lucknow Pact.
Qts22 Write about The Home Rule Movement (1916)
Two Home Rule Leagues were established. One by B.G. Tilak at Poona on 28 April, 1916 and the other by mistake Mrs. Annie Besant at Madras in September 1916. The aim of the Movement was to get self government for India.
While Tilak's Movement concentrated on Maharashtra, Annie Besant's Movement covered the rest of the country.
On 20 August 1917, Montague, the Secretary of State in England, made a declaration in the Parliament of England on British Government's policy towards future political reforms in India. He promised the gradual development of self- governing institutions in India. This August Declaration led to the end of the Home Rule Movement.
Qts23 Write about August Declaration (1917) or Montague Declaration
After the Lucknow Pact, a British policy was announced which aimed at "increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration for progressive realisation of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British empire". This came to be called the Augus Declaration. The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms or the Act of 1919 was based on this declaration