77 A 3 Pandya Chola Chera 9 Mar

 THE PANDYAS

 1.The Pandyan territory included modern districts of Tirnelvelli, Ramanand and Madurai in Tamil Nadu.

 2 It had its capital at Madurai and situated on the banks of Vaigai river, 

3.Megasthenes, said that their kingdom was famous for pearls,

4.The Pandya kings profited from trade with the Roman empire and sent embassies to the Roman emperor Augustus and Trojan,

5.The earliest known Pandyan ruler was Nedunjeliya I, who ruled from Madurai.

6.Nedunjeliya I  accused Kovalan as theft. As a result, the city of Madurai was laid under a curse by Kannagi (Kovalan's wife).

THE CHOLAS

1. The Chola kingdom called as Cholamandulam was situated to the north-east of Pandya kingdom between Pennar and Vellar rivers.

2. The Chola kingdom corresponded to modern Tanjore and Tiruchirapalli districts.

3.Its inland capital was Uraiyaur, a place famous for cotton trade. 

3.Cholas capital was Kaveripattanam/Puhar. 

4.A Chola king named Elara conquered Sri Lanka and ruled it over for 50 years.

5 The greatest king was Karikala (man with charred leg) who founded Puhar and constructed 160 km of embankment along the Kaveri River,

6.Main source of wealth was trade in cotton cloth.

7.  They also maintained an efficient navy.

THE CHERAS

1.The Chera occupied the portion of both Kerala and Tamil Nadu,

2. The capital of Cheras was Vaniji. 

3.Its main ports were Muzris and Tondi.

4.The Romans set up two regiments at Muzris (identical with Cranganore) in

Chera country. They also built a temple of Augustus at Muzris.

5. The greatest of Chera king was Senguttuvan or Red Chera. 

6. Red Chera.  invaded north and even crossed the Ganga. 

 7. Red Chera.was also the founder of the famous Pattini cult related to worship of goddess of chastity - Kannagi.