4. THE TUGHLAQ DYNASTY

 THE TUGHAQ DYNASTY (1320 - 1412 AD)

Finally i 1320 AD a group of nobles led by Ghazi Malik the Governer of punjab, invaded delhi and captured th throne. Ghazi malik assumed th title of Ghiyasuddin Tugalaq and fonded a new line of rules at delhi Known as the Tugalaq Dynasty.

Ghiyasuddin Tugahlaq (1320 - 1325 AD)

-Khusru Khan the last king of Khilji dynasty was killed by Ghazi Malik Ghazi Malik ascended the throne assuming the tittle Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.

- Built the fortified city of Tugalqabad and made it his capital. sufi saint shaikh nizamuddin Aulia said Delhi is far away in regard to him.

Dispacthed his son jauna Khan to re establish the authority in warangal (kaktiyas) and Madurai (pandyas)

-Died in 1325 after a fall from a high - raised pavilion Ibn Batuta (the Moroccan traveller) said that his death was due to sabotage arranged by his son, jauna Khan.

Muhammad Bin Tugalaq (1325 - 1351Ad)

-Real name was Jauna Khan title Muhammad - bi - Tugalq Regarded as the most controversial figure in Indian history becuse of his five ambitious projects:

(i) Increase in the land revenue in the Doab (1326) : The measure proved to be ill - timed as Doab was passing through famine which was followed by plague.

(ii) Transfor of capital to Devagiri (Daultabad) in 1327 : but Daulatedbad was found to be unsiutable because it was not possible North India from there. so he desiceded to retransfor the capital to Delhi.

(iii) Introduction of token currency(1329) Token currency meant Intruduction of bronze tankas with equal value But his experiment failed , Due to counterfeit coins so he withdrew the scheme and all token coins were exchanged for silver coins.

(iv) The plan for the conquest of Qarachil (kumaon hills) (1330) It also met with a disastrous end.

(v) proposed Khursa  Expedition: The sultan had a vision of universel conquest He decided to conquest Khurasan an Iraq and mobilised a huge army for the purpose. He was encouraged to do so by Khurasani nobles who had taken shelter in his court,This project was aslo abandoned.

-A new deparment for agriculture Dewan - i- Kohi was set up

-The famouse traveler Ibn Batuta came to Delhi during 1334. He acted as the quazi of the traveler as the quazi of the capital for 8 years,. He has recorded the contemporary Indian scene in his safarnamath (called Rehla)

-During his last days, the whole of south Indain became independant  and three major independant sates

(i) The Empire of Vijayanager

(ii) The Bahmani kingdom and 

(iii) Sultanate of mudurai were founded.

-He died in Thatta while campaigning in sind against Tahgi(a turkish slave)

Firoz shah Taughlaq (1351-1388 AD)

-He was Muhammad's cousin He was chosen the sultan by the nobles.

-Hr made iqtadary system hereditary. The principle of heredity was recongnised not onlyin civil officers, but also in army. Soldiers were given land assignment istead of cash payment.

-He built new towns-Hissar, Firozpur, Fatehabad, Firoz shah Kotla and janpur repaired qutub Minar when it was struck by lightening. Built his capital Frizabad and to beautify it, brought 2 Ashoka pillars, one from topara in Ambala and the from meerut.

-He wrote a book fatuhat firozhahi : Baruni (the historian was in his court) wrote Tarikh -i- Firozshahi and Fatwa-i- jahadari khwaja abdul ,alik isami worte futuh-us-salatin.

-He introduced only four kinds of taxes-Kharja, zakat, jizya and Khams, he imposed Haque-i- shrb or hakji - i sharb (water tax) He formed Diwan - i -Khirat and biult Dar - ui-shafa or a charitable hospetal. also itroduced 2 new cions adha 950% jital) and bikh (25% jital).

- His rule was marked by peace andtraquility, and the credit for it goes to his primme minister Khan-i-jahan maqbul. He died in 1388.

After Friroz shah Tughalq (13878 - 1414 AD)

- The Tughlaq dynasty could not survive much after Firoz shah's death The malwa, Gujarath and sharqi (janpur) Kingdoms broke away the sultanate.

 - After Firoz shah Tughalq, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq shah-i- succeeded. by abu Bakr shah in AD 1389

-Abu bakr was succeeded by Nasiruddin Muhammad in AD 1390 Nasiruddin Muhammad was succeeded by Alauddin sikandar shah for a brief period in 1394, but regained the throne after kikandar death He ruled till AD 1412 During his period Timur invaded india.

THE SAYYID DYNASTY (1414 - 1451 AD)

- Khaiz Khan (1414 - 21) :  He was the first of the sayyid dynasty which ruled over Delhi and surrondings district. He helped timur in his invasion so was given the governorship of Lahore. khizr khan took the title of Rayat - i- Ala and not af a king read in the were struk and Khtuub was read in the name of Timur and his successor shrhrukh.

-Mubarak shah (1421 - 34) He succeeded Khizr at the throne after successful expeditions against meaits, Katehar and the Gangetic Doab area. He was killed and deposed by the nobles in his own cort.

Muhammad shah (1434 - 43)  : The nobles put Muhammad shah on the throne. but he could not survive the in - fihting among the nobles in the court. He was authorised to rule only as area around 30 miles, and rest of the sultanate were ruled by nobles. yahya-bin-Ahmed -bin-Abdulla sirhindi wrote tarikh-i mubarak shai (history of muhammad shah of sayyid dynasty)

Alam shah (1443 - 51 ) : The last sayyid king descended in favour of baholo and a few sourroundings thus began the Lodhi dynasty which was confined to Delhi and a few surroundiongs areas.