9. M. I (I) THE PHASE OF MODERATE AND (II) EXTREMIST
(I) THE PHASE OF MODERATE (1885 - 1905)
- For a few yeras the congress enjoyed the patronage of the british administrators, Between 1885 and 1905 the congress ledaers were moderates, administrators, between 1885 and 1905, the congress ;eader were moderates,
-The Moderates had faith in hte British justice and good will. They were called moderates because they adopted peacefull and constitional means to achive thier demands.
-The Leading figures during the first phase of the National Movement wereA.O Hume, W.C Banerjee, surendra Nath Banjerejee, Dadabhai Naoroji, Feroze shah mehta, Gopalakrishna Gokhale, pandit Madha Mohan malaviya, Badruddin, Tyabji justice Ranade and G. Subramanya Aiyar.
Surendranath Banerjee
-called as the Indian Burke. Founded the Indian Association (1876) to Agirtate for polotical reforms. convened the Indian National conference (1883) which merged with the Indian Naitonal conference (1883) which merged with the Indain National congress in 1886.
-Firmly opposed the partition of Bengal.
G. Subramanya Aiyar
-Preached nationalism through he Madra Mahajana sabha Founded the the Hindu ans swadeamitran.
Dadabhai Naoroji
-Known as Grand old Man of India, He regarded as India's unofficial Ambassador in England. He was the first Indain to become a Member of the NBritish house of commons.
Gopal krishna Gokhale
-Regarded as the political guru of Ghandi i 1905, he founded the servants of indian society to Train Indians to dedicate their lives to the cause of the country.
Methods of Maderates
-The Moderates used petitions, resoluttions, meetings, leaflets and pamphlets. memorandum and delegation to prstn their demands, they confirmed thier political activites to the educated classes only.
(II) THE PHASE OF EXTREMIST (1905 - 1917)
-The period from 1905 was known as the era of extermism in the Indain national Movement. The extremists or the aggressive natioalists belived that succses could be achived through bold means.
-Their main objective was to attain swaraj or complete independence and not just self - governement.
-he important extermist leaders were Lala Lajpat rai. bal Gangadhar Tilak bipin chandra pal Aurobindo Ghosh chakravarti vijji Raghvachariar, Aswine kumar dutta, Raj Narayan Bose, T. Prakasham chidambarm pillai. etc.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
- He was known as Lokamanya Regarded as the real founder of the popular anti British Movement in Indai. He orginased Ganapti Festival (1893) and shivaji Festival (1895).
-He set up the Home rule league in 1916 at poona. Declared swaraj is my birth right and i will have it. He attacked the british through his weeklies The maharatha (in English ) and The kesari ( in Marathi) He wrote Geeta Rahasya
Lala Lajpat Rai
-Popularly Known as the Lio of punjab, Founded the Indian home Rule Leaguue in the US in 1916, Also founded National school Lahore.
- Received fatal injuries while leading a procession aginst simon commission and died in November. 17, 1928.
Bipin Chandra pal
-Began hs career as a moderate and turned an extremist, He played an important role in the swadeshi Movement, Founded English weekly New India. Also founded vande Matram.
-He preached nationalism through the nook and corner of Indian by his powerfull speeches and writings.
Aurobindoa Ghosh
-Passed ICS exam. worked for secreat revalutionary societies in Bengal and Maharashtra, started Begali daily jugantar. wrote seditious articles in vande matram, Put trial for maniktalla (calcutta) bomb conspiracy case.
-After his release he settled in the French territory of pondicheerry and concentrated on spritual activites.
Methods of the Extremists
-They pointed out the force ful means by which the British had taken control of India. they had the spirit of self reliance and self determination,
-The methods used by the extermists were:
1. Not cooperating with the British Government by boycotting government courts schools and collages.
2. promotion of swadish of swadish and boycott of foriegn goods.
3. Introduction and promotion of national education.
Partion of Bengal and the Rise of Extramism.
-The partion of Bengal in 1905 provided a spark for the rise of extremism in the Indian National Movement when the partition came in to effect, 16 october 1905 the people of bengal organised meetings and ovserved a dya of mourning
-The British Government while partitioning Bengal though a Royal proclamanation gave justification that it was being done to stimulate growth of underdeveloped Eastern region of Bengali the main objective was to promore the policy of "Divide and rule".
-The idea behind partition of Bengal was to detroy the political influence of the educated middle class among whom the Benglai intelligensia were the most prominenet.